Medical Terminologies - Musculoskeletal System

Medical Terminologies - Musculoskeletal System

• Course: RDGY 309
• Instructor: Dr. Jared Nii Oblitey, FWACS
• Specialty: Consultant Radiologist

Key Components

• Muscles: Contractile fibers producing movement, forming the bulk of the body, and propelling food through intestines and blood through vessels.
• Bones: Structural components of the skeleton.
• Joints: Where bones connect.
• Connective tissues: Support and connect other structures.

Types of Muscles

• Skeletal muscles: Also called striated or voluntary muscles.
• Cardiac muscles: Found only in the heart, and produce rhythmic movements.
• Smooth muscles: Also called involuntary muscles found primarily in visceral organs, artery walls, and respiratory passages.

Key Terms

• Appendage: A body part attached to a main structure.
• Articulation/Joint: The place where two bones connect.
• Cancellous: Spongy or porous bone structure found at the ends of long bones.
• Cruciate Ligament: Ligaments that cross each other in the knee.
• Haematopoiesis: Process of production and development of red blood cells.

Motions

• Adduction: Moving closer to the midline.
• Abduction: Moving away from the midline.
• Flexion: Decreasing the angle of a joint.
• Extension: Increasing the angle of a joint.
• Rotation: Moving a body around its own axis.
• Supination: Turning the palm up (forwards).
• Inversion: Moving the sole of the foot inward.
• Eversion: Moving the sole of the foot outward.
• Dorsiflexion: Elevating the foot.
• Plantar flexion: Lowering the foot (pointing the toes).

Combining Forms

• Carpo-: Carpals
• Clavic/o, clavicul/o: Clavicle
• Cost/o: Rib
• Ischi/o: Ischium
• Rachi/o: Spine/Vertebral column
• Radi/o: Radius
• Vertebr/o, Spondyl/o: Vertebra
• Aponeur/o: Aponeurosis
• Arthr/o: Joint
• Burs/o: Bursa (cavity)
• Chondr/o: Cartilage
• Disc/o: Intervertebral disc
• Ten/o, tend/o, tendino: Tendon
• Menisc/o: Meniscus, crescent
• Synovi/o: Synovial membrane
• Ankylo-: Crooked, bent, stiff
• Kinesi/o: Movement, motion
• Kyph/o: Hump
• Lamin/o: Lamina, thin
• Lord/o: Bent forward
• Myel/o, myelon/o: Bone marrow
• My/o, myos/o: Muscle
• Petr/o: Stone
• Scoli/o: Crooked, curved

Pathology Terms

• Ankylosis: Abnormal joint fusion, stiffness.

• Arthrochondritis: Inflammation of joint cartilages.

• Chondromalacia: Softening of cartilage.

• Carpoptosis: Drooping wrist.

• Cranioschisis: Congenital fissure of the skull.

• Myasthenia: Muscle weakness.

• Osteocarcinoma: Cancerous tumour of bone.

• Osteofibroma: Tumour of bone and fibrous tissue.

• Osteopetrosis: Abnormal collection of stone-like bones (Marble Bones).

• Rachischisis: Congenital fissure of the vertebral column, spina bifida.

• Synoviocarcinoma: Malignant tumour of the synovial membrane.

• Bunion: Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe.

• Carpal tunnel syndrome: Painful disorder caused by the compression of a nerve.

• Colles fracture: A type of distal radial fracture in which the distal fragment is displaced backwards.

• Exostosis: Abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone.

• Gout: Excessive amount of uric acid in blood causing deposition of sodium urate crystals in joints, especially the big toe.

• Muscular dystrophy: Disease characterized by weakness and muscle degeneration.

• Bone disorders, infections

• Joint disorders

• Muscle disorders

• Oncology

Fracture Types

• Greenstick: Cortical breach on one side of the bone, usually the convex side. Other side intact. Often mid-diaphyseal.
• Transverse: Fracture line perpendicular to the bone's axis.
• Oblique: Fracture line at an angle to the bone's axis.
• Spiral: Fracture line that spirals around the bone.
• Comminuted: Fracture with multiple bone fragments.
• Torus/Buckle: Incomplete fracture characterized by a bulging of the cortex; caused by axial force on the bone. Often seen in children, involving the distal radial metaphysis.

Surgical Terms

• Aponeurorrhaphy: Suture of an aponeurosis.
• Arthroclasia: Breaking of a (stiff) joint.
• Arthrodesis: Surgical fixation of a joint.
• Arthroplasty: Surgical repair of a joint.
• Arthrotomy: Incision of a joint.
• Bursectomy: Excision of a bursa.
• Bursotomy: Incision of a bursa.
• Costectomy: Excision of a rib.
• Laminectomy: Excision of a lamina (often to relieve the symptoms of a ruptured disc).
• Myorrhaphy: Suture of a muscle.
• Ostectomy: Excision of a bone.
• Osteoclasis: Surgical breaking of a bone.
• Osteotome: Instrument used to cut into bone.
• Rachiotomy: Incision into the vertebral column.
• Tenotomy: Incision of a tendon.

Procedures

• Arthrogram: X-ray film of a joint.
• Arthroscopy: Visual examination inside a joint.
• Arthrocenthesis: Aspiration of fluid from a joint.
• Electromyogram (EMG): Recording of intrinsic activity in a skeletal muscle.

-Additional Notes: -Includes diagrams/pictures illustrating anatomical structures and fracture types.

• Part 2 of MSK topics is mentioned.

This quiz covers the fundamental medical terminologies related to the musculoskeletal system, focusing on muscles, bones, joints, and connective tissues. It is designed for students in RDGY 309 and will test your understanding of key components and types of muscles. Prepare to reinforce your knowledge with essential terms and their definitions.