Marcos Era: Second Term and поворот

Marcos' Second Term and Rising Unrest

• In 1969, Marcos secured his second term, which saw significant campaign spending, peso devaluation, and rising inflation
• By the 1970s, widespread discontent led to protests against the government
• Marcos's political group, the Nacionalista Party, experienced losses in the 1971 senatorial elections, signaling a decline in his political power
• Marcos pushed for a constitutional convention to allow him to run for a third term in 1973, circumventing the traditional two-term limit
• Marcos considered transitioning the Philippines to a parliamentary system to retain power as prime minister, alongside implementing Martial Law

Early Signs of Marcos's Authoritarianism

• Senator Benigno Aquino warned early in Marcos's first term about the potential for a garrison state under military control
• Early 1970s protests stemmed from US military bases, rising prices, foreign economic control, and wealth inequality
• The government's violent response to protests only exacerbated the situation
• The Plaza Miranda bombing on August 21, 1971, targeted a Liberal Party campaign rally, wounding many, including Sen. Jovito Salonga
• Benigno Aquino was accused of being an ally of the communists who allegedly bombed the place

Escalation of Repression

• Marcos suspended the writ of habeas corpus after the Plaza Miranda bombing, enabling government abductions without court decisions
• Intense protests followed, leading Marcos to temporarily halt the abductions
• Bombings continued the following year, suspected as a tactic to instill fear

Key Figures in Opposition and Unrest

• Jose Maria Sison, leader of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), was suspected by Marcos of involvement in the Plaza Miranda bombing
• The CPP was formed in 1968, followed by the creation of its armed wing, the New People's Army (NPA)
• Bernabe Buscayno, also known as Commander Dante, was a leader in the NPA
• A strong storm in July-August 1972 devastated Central Luzon, leading to government wheat imports and increased rice prices, fueling further rallies

Constitutional Convention and Oplan Sagittarius

• The constitutional convention aimed to replace the 1935 constitution, which was designed when the Philippines was under U.S. control, and shift the country to a parliamentary system
• Transitory provisions were approved to facilitate the shift, with delegates allegedly coerced into signing
• Senator Aquino revealed Oplan Sagittarius, a program to place the Philippines under military control
• Gen. Romeo Espino, then chief of staff, initially wrote the report for Oplan Sagittarius

Key Figures and the "Rolex 12"

• Juan Ponce Enrile was the second most powerful figure during Martial Law and led meetings in Camp Aguinaldo
• Enrile was part of the "Rolex 12," a group of 12 individuals who assisted Marcos in planning Martial Law
• The group included 10 soldiers and 2 civilians, who were given Rolex watches
• Other members included Fidel Ramos, Fabian Ver, Romeo Espino, Rafael Zagala, Jose Rancudo, Hilario Ruiz, Ignacio Paz, Tomas Diaz, Alfredo Montoya, Romeo Gatan, and Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.
• Manuel Yan was among the few AFP members against Oplan Sagittarius and was removed from power
• Rafael Ileto, against Martial Law, was threatened and prevented from becoming Chief of Staff
• The alleged ambush on Juan Ponce Enrile on September 22, 1972, was a pretext for declaring Martial Law
• Primitivo Mijares later wrote about the staged event in "The Conjugal Dictatorship"

Declaration of Martial Law

• Marcos allegedly instructed Enrile to make the ambush convincing, suggesting injuries or fatalities
• Martial Law was declared by Marcos the next day, September 23, 1972
• Many of Marcos's political rivals, including Ninoy Aquino and Jose Diokno, were arrested

Marcos's Early Life

• Ferdinand Marcos was considered highly intelligent
• His father, Mariano Marcos, lost a congressional race to Julio Nalundasan, who was later murdered, allegedly by Ferdinand
• Marcos defended himself in court and was acquitted with help from Jose Laurel
• Marcos faked WWII achievements to aid his political career
• He married Imelda Romualdez for political reasons and was known as the "Rose of Tacloban"
• Marcos took office as president in January 1966

Marcos's First Term and Political Maneuvering

• Marcos's first term focused on government projects
• In 1967, the Nacionalista Party won all senatorial seats except one, which went to Benigno Aquino Jr., who quickly criticized Marcos
• Aquino criticized the military buildup and the Jabida Massacre, where young Moros were allegedly killed
• Marcos had a mistress, Dovey Beams, an actress in a movie that glorified Marcos's heroism during World War II

Rigged Elections and Political Repression

• The 1969 elections were allegedly fraudulent and costly
• The Liberal Party won all seats in the 1971 elections following the Plaza Miranda bombing
• On September 23, 1972, Marcos's political rivals were arrested
• Marcos called his regime "constitutional authoritarianism"
• After declaring Martial Law in 1972, the 1973 Constitution was drafted to shift the government to a parliamentary system, extending Marcos's power

Manipulation of the Constitution and U.S. Support

• Marcos replaced the national plebiscite with "Citizens' Assemblies" to claim approval of the 1973 Constitution
• Critics argued that the Citizens' Assemblies were manipulated
• Marcos secured U.S. support by protecting U.S. military bases and American businesses

Control and Repression Under Martial Law

• Marcos favored Ilocanos, including Fabian Ver, who oversaw civilian surveillance
• Soldiers were responsible for abduction, rape, torture, and murder
• Nena Fajardo and her husband were abducted, leading to the death of her baby in the womb
• Soldiers and high-ranking officers justified their actions by claiming they were "just made to do it"
• The military portrayed a misleadingly positive image of life under Martial Law

Propaganda and Suppression of Dissent

• Primitivo Mijares, initially a pro-Marcos propagandist, later turned against him and wrote "The Conjugal Dictatorship" and was never found again
• Mijares's son, Boyet, was murdered
• All news and media were controlled by Marcos, preventing any negative reporting

Imelda Marcos's Role

• Imelda Marcos aimed to make the Philippines a "home," focusing on aesthetics and lavish projects
• She became governor of Metro Manila and Minister of Human Settlements and also wanted some power to so she became the governor of Metro Manila and Minister of Human Settlements
• She signed agreements with USSR, Libya, Yugoslavia, China, and Roma
• She signed some shi with USSR, Libya, Yugoslavia, China, and Roma
• She was called "The Other President"
• Imelda was famous on using the money and state resources lavishly (made different kinds of centers and buildings like Lung Center, Heart Center, Film Center, etc)

Economic Policies and Cronyism

• Marcos declared the Philippines a land-reform area but less than 4% of farmers owned their land
• Henny Lopez (nephew of the former VP Fernando Lopez) was arrested and the Lopez family was coerced to give up businesses to Marcos
• Marcos replaced the old oligarchy with crony capitalism, benefiting his family and allies
• Cronies like Rodolfo Cuenca, Antonio Floirendo Sr, Ricardo Silverio, Herminio Disini, Roberto Benedicto, and Eduardo Cojuangco monopolized key industries
• Marcos made Presidential Decrees favoring cronies' businesses

Economic Fluctuations, Opposition, and Social Unrest

• The economy initially improved due to technocrats in the government
• The GNP increased, but the economic boom ended with a Middle East war that increased gas prices and decreased export revenue
• The national debt increased.
• Opposition groups like the NDF, CPP, and NPA grew stronger
• The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) were established

Fake elections and the political landscape

• Marcos rigged the 1978 elections for the Batasang Pambansa
• Ninoy Aquino was allowed to run but couldn't campaign freely
• The KBL, led by Imelda Marcos, dominated the elections
• The light a fire movement and april 6 movement were movements supported by rich filipinos in US to throw back fear to GOVT
• Weak economy, arrival of pope john paul the second and new us president donald reagan made marcos drop martial law
• Aquino was assassinated upon his return on August 21, 1983

Key events and figures during the Marcos regime

• September 23, 1972, a lot of marcos political rivals were captured
• He called it new society
• He made lim seng get excecuted for being a drug dealer
• After marcos declared martial law. He said that he was gonna consult the people but he actually cancelled the plebiscite and consulted them by citizens assemblies
• Marcos ensured that the us would continue giving their assistance
• From the marcos regime was fabian ver that oversees all of the actions
• Military leaders said that martial law destroyed PH but when they were asked if they were wrong, they just said that they were ordered
• Marcos role was to create houses
• Imelda said a house should be built with love
• Primitivo mijares was a propagandist. He was not really shown in media
• During the two terms or marcos, the top exports were forestry and coconut

Marcos's Later Years, Snap Elections, and People Power

• Marcos allowed Ninoy Aquino to leave prison for heart surgery in the US in 1979 due to health concerns and fear of blame if he died in prison
• After Aquino's assassination, Marcos made a formal but ultimately unsuccessful investigation
• Marcos called for Snap Elections and ran against Cory Aquino and Salvador Laurel, which resulted in widespread outrage and galvanization

Key Events in Marcos' Later Years (1969-1974)

• 1969:
  • Formation of New People's Army (CPP-NPA)
  • Richard Nixon visits the Philippines
  • Imelda Marcos' first project = The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
  • Marcos wins re-election
• 1970:
  • The Battle of Mendiola
  • Student groups stage a rally outside the building of the Legislative Building of Manila
• 1971:
  • Nur Misuari establishes MNLF (Moro National Liberation Font)
  • Plaza Miranda bombing
• 1972:
  • President Marcos signs Proclamation No. 1081 - Martial Law
  • Juan Ponce Enrile reportedly ambushed
• 1973:
  • Marcos orders the execution of Lim Seng for drug trafficking
  • The National Democratic Front is formally founded
  • Marcos launches the Masagana 99 program
• 1974:
  • Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), a Muslim secessionist rebel group, launched a major armed attack and took control of much of the town of Jolo
  • Marcos offers general amnesty

1975-1986 : The end of Marcos Regime

• 1975 The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos Publication
• 1976 Tripoli Agreement
• 1978 Kilusang Bagong Lipunan won over semi-opposition party
• 1981 Marcos lifted Martial Law
• 1983 Aquino lands at the Manila International Airport aboard a China Airlines flight, but assasinated before reaching the tarmac
• 1986 Corazon Aquino leads a rally against Marcos which results to people power

Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986)

• Marcos era was focused on economic liberalization and productivity, drawing upon comprehensive land reform and the use of executive and military agencies to achieve social equity
• His core motivations, however, were to enrich himself, his clan, and his allies
• Export revenues did not improve much as expected, 70 percent of export value still came from sugar, coconut, and forestry products,. Whose prices were declining, Marcos increased public spending
• Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, leading to the immediate suppression of dissent
• In an attempt to regain legitimacy and preempt growing unrest, Marcos called for a snap presidential election in 1986, but Corazon Aquino win