Macromoléculas: Carbohidratos y Funciones

Macromolecules

• Carbohydrates are found on the outer face of the cell membrane.
• Biomolecules can be inorganic or organic.
• Examples of inorganic molecules include water and carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Examples of organic molecules include carbohydrates and lipids.
• Examples of organic molecules include proteins and nucleic acids.
• Examples of mineral salts are starches, cellulose (forms the cortex of some fruits), and chitin

Functions

• Energy source
• Structural function

Functional Groups

• Functional groups are particular groupings of atoms that almost always behave as a unit and confer properties to the organic molecules to which they are attached.
• Physical properties
• Chemical reactivity
• Solubility in aqueous solution

Biomolecule Formation

• Sugars form carbohydrates.
• Fatty acids form lipids.
• Amino acids form proteins.
• Nucleotides form nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

• Also called Clusides - they are referred to as Glúcidos
• They can be large or small molecules
• Chemically they are polyhydroxy aldehydes, polyhydroxy ketones, or their derivatives.
• Glucose is the final product that transports the current blood and the energy it provides.
• Carbohydrates recognize any foreign substances, providing protection.

Carbohydrate Units

• Classified into aldoses and ketoses by the number of carbon atoms
• Trioses C=3
• Tetroses C=4
• Pentoses C=5
• Hexoses C=6

Acetoses

• C=O bond location varies in the molecule

Glucose Formula

• The formula is C6H12O6

Carbohydrate Types

• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides

Glucose Variants

• Glucose alpha
• Glucose beta
• Glucose in a ring structure

Fructose

• A very widespread substance among plants, especially in fruits and in honey
• In the liver, it is transformed into glucose
• Together with glucose, it forms the disaccharide sucrose

Galactose

• Together with glucose, it forms the disaccharide lactose (milk sugar)

Ribose

• Forms part of many organic substances of great biological interest, such as ATP or RNA

Desoxyribose

• It lacks oxygen
• Derived from ribose; lacks an alcohol group on carbon 2
• An important part of DNA

N-acetylglucosamine

• Derived from glucose
• Found in the cell walls of bacteria and is also the monomer that forms the polysaccharide chitin
• Chitin is present in the exoskeleton of insects and the cell walls of many fungi

Fehling's Reaction

• Monosaccharides are reducing agents as they reduce cupric salts to cuprous (positive result)

Disaccharides

• Maltose and Sucrose and Lactose

Glycosidic Bonds

• The entorce oglucosialico permits the union of two or more monosaccharides.
• Maltose is composed of two glucose molecules.
• Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose

Hydrolysis

• Hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond is carried out by dissociation of a water molecule.

Maltose

• Formed by two D-glucose units via a 1-4 bond.
• It is reducing.
• Appears in the germination of barley malt used in the production of beer

Lactose

• Formed by B-D-galactose and D-glucose, units 184.
• Reducing agent.
• Found in the milk of mammals.

Sucrose

• Formed by a-D-glucose and B-D-fructose (linkage 10-23).
• It is not a reducing sugar because the carbon linking them is dicarbonyl.

Reducing and Non-Reducing Disaccharides

• Presence of a free aldehyde group distinguishes reducing sugars.
• Carbohydrate reducing capability depends on whether aldehyde or ketone group can oxidize giving a dado.

Polysaccharides

• Homopolysaccharides are formed only by double glucose.
• Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose
• Heteropolysaccharides are formed by different molecules
• Example: Chitin

Polysaccharides

• Polysaccharides are normally formed by hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides joined together by O-glycosidic bonds

Starches

• Synthesized by plants
• Glycogen: Of animal origin and structure similar to starch but with greater molecular mass and more branched

Structural Polysaccharides

• Chitin: Formed by a nitrogenated derivative of glucose.
• Cellulose: Formed by the union 1 B 4 of various thousands of molecules of glucose.

Cellulose

• Forms the cellular walls of vegetable cells
• Digestion happens in the digestive system of the ruminant (pre-stomach).
• In other herbivores and termites, there exist microorganisms, many methanogenic, that possess an enzyme named cellulase that breaks the enlace B-1.4-glucosídico, that to hydrolyze the molecule of cellulose leaving available the glucosides as source of energy.
• Carbohydrates Modificados, Complejos

Modified Carbohydrates

• Galactosamine and glucosamine, they are in the azúcares in that the group amino sustituí to the group hydroxyl
• Galactosamine: forma parte del cartílago, un componente del sistema óseo de los vertebrados.

Carbohydrates combined with proteins and lipids

• Glucoproteins: Compuestos presentes en la superficie externo de muchas eucariotas
• Gran parte de las proteínas secretadas por las células son glucoproteínas
• Glucolipids: Compuestos presentes en la Superficie de las células animales.

Digestion of Carbohydrates

Pancreas

• Diseases of the Pancreas.
• Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)
• The enzymes start digesting with the same pancreas
• Cancer of Pancreas
• Fibroso quística. Genetic disease in which secretion mucosa it espesa.
• can obstruct the conduct us.
• diabetes. Deficiency or not a Secretion of insulin,
• For genetic reasons autoimmune or Others.
• It has two key Functions at the digestion

Functions of the Pancreas

• Funcion Endocrinol: Secretar the hormones insuline y glucagon al torrenté sanguineo para mantener the glucosa ar the nweles adecuados.
• Función Exocrinol: Secretar enimas ar the intestino odelgado para ayudar d the absorbción de las proteinars, 103 grasas y 100 carbohidratos.

Elaboration of Carbohydrates

• En the lugado, the diverous munosuicalidos sur converthres en glucoot.
• Las Células corporales requieren on
• suministro cons Jointe llevado por la sangre..Cas de Células enceetaliceras zoon espedualmentó dependiente debido d queson himpapares der almacenar glucoot oor Dr Nono.
• Dupsues de unu comidar o de postve, cúando hay un exceo de glucoisa,
• Cámbien y to almacenan como glucgo Cámberw
• Este Proceso se llame glucoisenesis
• Yntre comídas, cuando la concentracioón o o de glücoisu regresa d la sangre; esté proceso Sé le denomína gluco-giendisis

Lipids

• Are chemically diverse compounds characterized by their insolubility in water and solubility in organic solvents (ether, benzene, chloroform...)
• Functions: In living beings lipids perform important functions.
• They serve as:

Lipid Functions

• Energy
• Energetic: Because, being poorly oxidized molecules, they serve as a reserve, providing a large amount of energy; the oxidation of a gram frees 9.4 Kcal, more than double that obtained with a gram of carbohydrate or protein (4.1 Kcal)
• Protector: The waxes impermeabilize the cell walls of plants and bacteria and also have protective functions in insects and vertebrates.
• Structural: They are fundamental structural components of cell membranes.
• Transport: Serve as transporters of substances in organic media.

Metabolism Regulation

• Contribuyen al normal functionamien to del organismo.desempeñoin ésta funciona las vitaminas a. d. k.eye as hormonas sexvides y las de la corteza suprartenal tam bin Sun lipidus.
• Reguladora: de 1a temperatura: tam bien snven para regular la ternperatura: For ejemplo, los capaz de grasa de los mamiferos acuáticos de 105 mares de águas muy Frias.
• Compound do Los hipido: carbono, oxlgenco, hidrogeno…
• Properties fisicas: Sonn sustainedas untuosas al tadto…treñen brillo gras so, son Menos dense as qué el aqua y Malas con ducto IAS de Color Properties quimicas: olguños Lipides Dan Las réactíons de Sopori Fica ción

Saponification

• es La reaccion quimica qué see pro duse Entre un dado organico y una base fuente Para Dar un Sal Jabón Yaqua

Glycerides

Son este res de laglicering y adados

• Pueden ser monoaslghiceridos, diaci lghicerídos. Traacigliceridos o tragliceridos.

Waxes

• San Eaters de on dado Graso yo de on adcohol de cadena muy LargaSan sustenctas solddus d tempos ravor as ambiento dehido dsus Largas cadenás hidrogorhomadas, aunque debajo punto de Fesion, Im Permoablo as Lo que dos hazer útiles para 1as Serves viver poll protheger del La descocacion (Hojas frutos) tam buen tien Fura ione de protection Le can del con dhuto au di ti vo

Fossolipidus

• Son Lim pidos sa pun, Ficables formatos por àcidas

Classification

• Saponifiables.
• Acids fat
• Acylglycerides
• Waxes Acylllycerides
• Non-saponifiables.
• Steroids.
• Aados grasos: Son dàdas orgánicos de cadeha lydrocarboná-da formada Por 12/A 20 carbons

Properties:

Saturadus: Sun doble ens la ces Entre cerbentó y carbono Ej. Palmirice y este arrio. Un satura duos e son doble énla ces ty. Palmirate co Oleileo Y linoleico.

fatty acid

So-lability, fats solubles es molecular

non polaes

Penetrans

Can facillid ad la 14 capa du

Facillid ad por otro Lado el and

10

Cades in

Acido

Es the

4

Steroids

• Are non-saponifiable lipids derived from sterane
• Cholesterol is the most important.
• Synthesized hormonas the Suatés the sinte
• Syntetizador homonas the exvodes yo the and 11 vitamin,se
• en higado existe el cholesterol buen y el malo el malo atstru ye Los atieres gel buen linpía

Hormonas Sexules

• 8e encuentran la plogésterona que preparar Ios organos ser uales femeninas Lá teste sterandna responsable

Hormones

las caraderes sexuales Marculinos c androgenic en el Metal bohismo