Life Processes: Organs and Biology Class 10

Introduction to Life Processes

• Life processes encompass nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
• Understanding these processes requires knowledge of the location of organs within the human body.
• The human torso provides a basic understanding of internal organ placement.
• Respiration starts in the nasal cavity.
• The trachea (windpipe) is located anteriorly and contains cartilages.
• The esophagus (food pipe) is located posteriorly.
• Lungs are essential for breathing.
• The heart is located between the lungs and tilted towards the left.
• The diaphragm is located below the lungs.
• The liver is located below the diaphragm.
• The stomach and intestines are also key components.

Importance of Biology in 10th Grade

• There are six chapters in the 10th-grade Biology NCERT textbook.
• These chapters include Life Processes, Control and Coordination, How to Organisms Reproduce, Heredity and Evolution, Our Environment, and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources.
• The chapter on Sustainable Management of Natural Resources is not typically included in board exams.
• Biology often contributes significantly to the overall science grade as about 30 marks.

Defining Living vs. Non-Living

• Living things exhibit growth, movement, nutrition, excretion, respiration, sensitivity, and reproduction.
• Growth refers to internal growth.
• Movement refers to molecular movements.
• Nutrition is essential for all living organisms.
• Excretion involves the removal of waste.
• Respiration is the process of breaking down food for energy.
• Sensitivity is the ability to feel the environment.
• Reproduction is a characteristic of living things, though exceptions exist.

Four Key Life Processes

• Nutrition: Obtaining and utilizing food.
• Respiration: Breaking down food to produce energy.
• Transportation: Moving substances within the body.
• Excretion: Removing metabolic waste.
• All the reactions occurring in the body are called metabolic reactions, or metabolism.

Metabolic Reactions

• Catabolism breaks down large molecules into smaller ones (cut = break).
• Anabolism combines small molecules to create larger ones.

Multicellular vs. Unicellular Organisms

• Multicellular organisms have a division of labor due to multiple cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
• Unicellular organisms perform all functions within a single cell.
• Unicellular organisms move using cilia, flagella, or parapodia.
• Reproduction, respiration, and excretion are all performed by a single cell.

Types of Nutrition

• Autotrophic Nutrition: Organisms make their own food.
• Heterotrophic Nutrition: Organisms depend on others for food.

Autotrophic Nutrition

• Photosynthetic Autotrophs: Use light to make food (e.g., green plants, green algae).
• Chemosynthetic Autotrophs: Use chemicals to make food (e.g., bacteria like Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus).

Nutrients and Their Functions

• Important nutrients include vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, and fats.
• Nutrients are important for growth, repair, energy, and the formation of various substances in the body.

Photosynthesis Process

• Green plants use light, CO2, water, and chlorophyll to produce food (glucose), oxygen, and water.
• Food which is left is stored as starch.
• The reaction for photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O (requires sunlight and chlorophyll).
• Raw materials used in photosynthesis: CO2, water, sunlight, chlorophyll.
• Products of photosynthesis: glucose, oxygen, water.

Steps of Photosynthesis

• Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water molecules (Photolysis).
• Reduction of CO2 to glucose.
• The first two steps are light reactions; the last step is a dark reaction.

Site of Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll cells, which contain chloroplasts.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll.
• The leaf anatomy includes the cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll cells, and stomata.
• Chloroplast structure includes the outer membrane, inner membrane, grana (stacks of thylakoids), stroma lamellae, stroma, and chlorophyll.

Photosynthesis in Desert Plants

• Desert plants (xerophytes) close their stomata during the day to conserve water.
• At night, they open their stomata to produce an intermediate product called malic acid, which is stored in vacuoles.
• During the day, malic acid is used to produce energy.

Stomata Structure and Function

• Stomata are tiny pores on the surface of leaves.
• They help in transpiration and exchange of gases.
• Stomata open and close based on the turgor of the guard cells.
• When water enters the guard cells, they swell and open the stomata.
• When water leaves the guard cells, they shrink and close the stomata.

Testing for Starch

• The iodine test proves the presence of starch.

Importance of Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)

• KOH absorbs CO2, disrupting the photosynthesis process.

Heterotrophic Nutrition

• Holozoic Nutrition: Organisms ingest and digest food (e.g., carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, amoeba).
• Saprotrophic Nutrition: Organisms feed on dead and decaying organic matter and break down food outside the body (e.g., fungi, mushrooms, bread mold, E. coli).
• Parasitic Nutrition: Organisms depend on a host for nutrition (e.g., lice, ticks, leeches, Cuscuta).

Nutrition in Amoeba

• Amoeba follows holozoic nutrition.
• Steps include ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

Steps of Nutrition in Amoeba

• Ingestion: Amoeba takes in food using pseudopodia.
• Digestion: Complex substances are broken down into smaller, simpler organic compounds inside the food vacuole.
• Absorption: Food is absorbed into the cytoplasm.
• Assimilation: The use of the food by amoeba for energy, growth, and repair.
• Egestion: Undigested waste is removed from the body.

Nutrition in Paramecium

• Paramecium collects food and transports it towards the oral groove for digestion.

Comparison of Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Nutrition

• Autotrophs make their own food; heterotrophs depend on others.
• Autotrophs require inorganic substances as raw materials; heterotrophs do not.
• Digestion is absent in autotrophs; digestion is present in heterotrophs.
• Autotrophs are producers; heterotrophs are consumers.

Human Digestive System

• Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
• Involves:
  • Ingestion: Taking in food.
  • Digestion: Breaking down food.
  • Absorption: Absorbing nutrients.
  • Assimilation: Using absorbed nutrients.
  • Egestion: Removing undigested waste.

Components of the Human Digestive System

• Alimentary Canal: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
• Accessory Glands: Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands.

Mouth and Buccal Cavity

• Involved in ingestion, chewing food, wetting food with saliva, and mixing saliva with food.
• Salivary glands secrete salivary amylase, which converts starch into maltose.

Esophagus

• Food passes through the esophagus via peristaltic movements.
• The epiglottis prevents food from entering the windpipe.

Stomach

• J-shaped organ located in the lower abdomen that digests food.
• Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsin, and mucus.
• HCl creates an acidic medium to activate pepsin.
• Pepsin digests proteins.
• Mucus protects the stomach lining from the acid.
• Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid.

Liver

• Liver secretes bile juice that is stored in the gallbladder, then used for emulsification of fats.
• The bile breaks down fat into smaller parts.

Pancreas

• Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice that contains various enzymes and empties into the small intestine.
• The pancreatic juice contains trypsin, lipase, and pancreatic amylase.
  • Trypsin: digests proteins.
  • Lipase: digests emulsified fats.
  • Pancreatic amylase: digests carbohydrates.
• These all empty into the duodenum.

Small Intestine

• Site of maximum digestion and absorption of nutrients.
• Produces succus entericus.
• Has three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• Contains villi to increase surface area for absorption.
• Absorbs nutrients for energy, new tissue building, and repair.

Comparison of Intestine Lengths

• Herbivores have longer intestines to digest cellulose, which is hard to digest.
• Carnivores have shorter intestines because meat is easier to digest.
• Omnivores have a normal length.

Large Intestine

• Involved in the absorption of water.
• Has parts: appendix, cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.

Rectum and Anus

• Rectum is for temporary storage of waste.
• Anus is used for egestion.

Dental Caries

• Bacteria and sugar produce acid, which forms plaque.
• Plaque leads to dental caries (tooth decay).

Gall Bladder Removal

• Individuals need a fat-free diet because the body can no longer store the bile and digest fat.

Human Transportation Topic

• Next topic is transportation by blood.

Introduction to Respiration

• Respiration is the process by which living organisms obtain energy by breaking down food.
• It is the process of producing energy, not just breathing.
• The five steps of respiration:
  • Breathing: Inhalation and exhalation.
  • External Respiration: Exchange of gases in the lungs.
  • Internal Respiration: Exchange of gases in the body tissues.
  • Exchange of Gases: Occurring throughout the body.
  • Cellular Respiration: Production of energy.

Breathing vs. Respiration

• Breathing: Process of inhaling and exhaling air (occurs in lungs).
• Respiration: Breaking down glucose to produce energy (occurs in all cells).

Types of Respiration

• Aerobic Respiration: Occurs in the presence of oxygen; produces a large amount of energy.
• Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs in the absence of oxygen; produces a small amount of energy.

Aerobic Respiration Steps

• Glucose breaks down into pyruvate and energy in the cytoplasm.
• Pyruvate then breaks down into CO2, H2O, and energy in the mitochondria.

Anaerobic Respiration

• Also known as fermentation.
• Alcoholic Fermentation: Incomplete breakdown of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide (e.g., in yeast). Uses c2h5OH
• Lactic Acid Fermentation: Glucose converts to lactic acid and ATP in muscle cells during rigorous exercise (e.g., muscle cramps). In the absence of oxygen, this results in C3H6O3.

Glucose Breakdown Chart

-Shows the different ways in which glucose is oxidized in the body: - in the presence of oxygen - absence of oxygen in muscle cells - absence of oxygen in yeast

Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

• Aerobic occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria; anaerobic occurs only in the cytoplasm.
• Aerobic involves complete breakdown of glucose; anaerobic involves incomplete breakdown.
• Aerobic produces more energy; anaerobic produces less energy.
• Aerobic end products are CO2 and water; anaerobic end products are CO2 plus either ethanol or lactic acid.

Exchange of Gases in Plants

• Leaves: through stomata.
• Stems: through lenticels.
• Roots: through root hairs via diffusion.

Photosynthesis and Respiration in Leaves

• Photosynthesis: CO2 enters & O2 exits during the day.
• Respiration: O2 enters & CO2 exits at all times (day and night).
• Both happen during the daytime, but only respiration happens at night.

Testing for CO2 Production

• Passing exhaled air through lime water turns it milky, proving CO2 is present.

Human Respiration System

• Consists of nostrils, nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, diaphragm and and the cartilage rings in the windpipe.
• Draw the Human Respiratory System with these Components

Mechanism of Respiration

• Involves inhalation, exchange of gases, and exhalation.
• Inhalation: Oxygen taken inside, lungs fill, diaphragm moves downwards, and chest cavity expands.
• Exhalation: CO2 released, lungs relax, diaphragm moves upwards, and chest cavity compresses.

Exchange of Gases in Alveoli

• Oxygen from the alveoli is taken up by red blood cells (RBCs).
• Oxygen binds to hemoglobin, which carries it to the tissues.
• Carbon dioxide is released from the tissues and diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Role of Diagphram

• It is a muscle used during respiration.

Emphasizing Lungs

• There is a certain amount of volume available, so it will not collapse.

Respiratory Pigment

• Hemoglobin is a protein present in RBCs with a high affinity for oxygen. Transports water soluble to the rest of the body VIA blood
• It also has an affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) if nearby.

Smoking

• Smoking is injurious to health and causes heart attack, stroke, pulmonary diseases, and cancer.
• Destroys cilia in the respiratory tract, leading to infection and lung cancer.

Respiration in Aquatic Animals

• Aquatic animals breathe faster because dissolved oxygen levels are lower in water than in the atmosphere.

Comparing Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms

• Aquatic organisms live in water and use gills for breathing, which extract dissolved oxygen. Rate of breath is higher than higher air.
• Terrestrial organisms live on land and use lungs for breathing because they have more oxygen available.

Introduction to Transportation

• Transportation is the process of moving substances from one part of the body to another.
• Consist of both bloods versal such as arteries,veins and capillaries. Lymph, and LymphNodes.
• Systems are both blood vacular and lymphatic system.
• Lymph travels outside the blood stream to transfer material

Human Circulatory System

• Also called the blood vascular system.
• Has 3 main components Blood, blood versals and the heart.
• Blood is a red fluid connective tissue
• Blood carries important nutrients
• Blood vesels consist of arteries, veins, and tiny capillary structures
• The heart does all the pumping that carries the nutrients through blood, organs, and rest of the body.

Blood Components and Functions

• Transports nutrients and excretory products
• Transports oxygen and CO2
• Provides protection against disease with antibodies.
• Causes clotting

Compnents of Blood Breakdown

• Plasma makes up 55% with a function of Digest food Co2 all carried outside
• red boods cells known as eythrosytes, carries oxygen, contain hemoglobin
• White blood cell. less than 1% provide anti-bodies to protect against sickness.
• Platelets are also less tahn 1% and help with clotting of damage vessels.

Different Blood Vessels

• Arteries cariey blood away from heart, high pressure, Oxygen rich Veins carry blood back to hte heart, use a lower pressure and de-oxygenate the blood Capillaries helps to both oxygenate and d-oxygenate the blodo vessels. All vessles ar ehooke dup via capillaries.

Blood Clotting

• Happens when injury from vessels happens Step 1 Injured Blood Vessel due to Injury, small cut, or scratch Step 2 Platelets released Step 3 Platelet plauged starts to stop the flow Step 4 FIBRIN forms a mesh network to stop the flwo from the cut, and stop more blood flow.
• Finally, Blood becomes thicker.

Blood Pressure

• Force the blood assets the wall of vessels.
• Use Sphygy mano meter to mesaure it. _ blood pressure reading is 120/80 Systlic pressure is the top number and Diastlic pressure si the bottom number.

Blood Contriction

• Arteries close off and bleed when leakage happen. This causes low Bp and internal bleediing

Four Chambers of the Heart

• Right Atria. A receives de-OX from the inferior vena cava
• Lef tAtria A Receives Ox from the pulminary Vein
• Right Ventticle, Pumps to the lungs
• Left ventricle Pumps to the BODY

Aorta and Vena Cava

• Vena. All the inferior carries deo-ox from all bottom body
• The aota carries from left verticle all 4 chambers

How to Draw Heart

• 1st draw the 4 chambers
• Label for Right. Left Atria
• Next Label the Ventricals
• Followed by the Vena Cabva
• From Right-Ven-Ti-Vert label for the PUL MIN ARIA
• Next label Pulmin Arty to Lungs
• Then from Left-Ven-Ti-VERt, label for Body
• Rememer for Labeling that each Verticle is a pump system that carry blood to one way.

Important Facts

• Pulmonary Veins ONLY that carry Oxygen through the Body OVer 2500x
• The largest Atery of Body SI Aorata
• Heart made of thick muscle helps to prevent a heart atack for fluid shock

The Atria

• The Atria RECEIVES the chambers from the heart.

Double Cruclation

• Double Circluation si when at the SAME time body happens
• Both Pulm and systemic Circluation takes place
• Pulm means Lungs only and Systemic mean Body system in general

Heart Sound

• Lub Dup are heart sounds. Lub sounds happen when tri-cup and miter valves close
• Dup is heard when artora and pulm close

Warm COld Bloomed

• COld BLood has an external Blood Control
• Warrm has Internal Control

Blood COntrol

• Fish. 2 chamber heat COld Bloodies AMphibia 3
• COld bloded reptilian, 3 chamber heart, COCO DILE has 4th.
• WM has 4 cahmber like bird and mammals.

What is Lymph System

• The tissue fluid that contains a bunch of WBC proteins and liquid. Function: Transportation Absorpbs Fat Maintains Tissue BALnce

COmparson between BLOOD AND LYPHM

• blood has everything to funciot. Lym has little.

Human Body

• • Transpart Short distanace, osmosis for cell A to cell B
• LONG Distance, use vascular system,

Transportation OF Water

• Transportation happens thro the XYLEM from the Roots to tip.
• water can move UP against the roots this si knwon as the ascent of snap.
• there si no NRG required. 4 different transports. TRACHIE VESSLES PAR EN CYMA FI BERS

6 Ways Transporation works

• Osomoosi of cell a absorbs cell B Roots have a pressure system that PUSHES the water in
• Capillary actinos due to tube pressure
• adhesion of Water HOlnds the HO molecule close to the surface
• Coesion helps Water Stick togetehr to go Upward.
• Tranposration where as evaporation causes the water to rise due to suction

What is a TRAN SPIRATION

• Loss of water to the air from the plants stems, flowers FUNCTION: Absoptsio From ROots to LEaves Thermote controld

Transportation OF FOODS:

• happens BOTH ways UP AND DOWN.
• Food MOvement si called TRANSLOCtion
• • USES NRG AND FLOEM system. S: Load IN to the cell Move UP Unload Cell B.

Transporation and FLow

• Xylems and Flows. 1st differeenx
• water and mineral, food and minerals 2nd
• DEAD EELMENT, LIVING EELMENTS. 3rd Single Direction or BI .4 TYPES of cells Trekkie, vessel are cells. Lumen, fiber 4: Floewm Cells COmpanion or Seive.

Intro TO CRETE SYSTEM

• WASE MATeraul Outside of teh body 1 Cell orgo only work on the cell Multi use sepcial orgas KIDNEY

EX CRETE

• kidney and skin lOungs Kindet sking lung kidney lung skin all that

Different Poos

• FIsh has amonnia, Yura, Most aqua are amonia users

Human Kidney REnal System

• 2 KIdneys, 2 Uretaers, uninary bladdr and one uther

Function:

• REmove waste Urinary is collelction reTHRA Si EXIT.

2 Kidenya Location

• both sides on bad bones on lower abdomen FUNCTION EX WATE PRODUCTS

Nepthons

• structual nad functitonal units of the urinary tract in the kidneyst FUNCTION YERIN FORMATIO 3 steps. GOM FILTTIONN: SILE RE ABSO UTULAR SECRETION

Gom is where Water gusoce salts amino go in se ABSOP: acido gulose amino absorbed int 12 UBER: A. Exxtr water salts that are secreted or pulled thro back blood

UBER

A

Mict uriation

• The Disghr

UBER

A. Exxtr water salts that are secreted or pulled thro back blood

Mict uriation

• Dischargh water to side. Blood

Dialisis

• A artica kidney system.
• gEt ARTESs
• Cleasn and reatches
• The the blood enters the patients after celsning

POOPO OF Trees

• OX is releassd va stoma. Extra relessed b trnsport a Vaccine store it

Some relsed in soil such as gummz and latskzzes

EXCRETE REVIW Questions

The A B D identifuy, use diagram above PATH of Urin from kidney to reter youerath NEphrons or 1 functino that helps system Plans uses X for extrente, why are plant a diffeent process than animale>