Language Learning & Communicative Competence

• Additive language learning example is when a student learns a new language in addition to their mother tongue, which continues to be developed.
• A linguistic immersion program is when students are taught most of their subjects in a second language.
• Plurilingualism and multilingualism refer to the same concept, which is the coexistence of multiple languages in a social group or territory, but from different perspectives.
• Lingua franca is the vehicle language we use worldwide.
• Diglossia is the use of two languages in the community, each for a different function.

Communicative Competence Components

• The four components of communicative competence by Canale and Swain (1980) are Linguistic competence, Sociolinguistic competence, Discourse competence and Strategic competence.
• Model A immersion program is Total Immersion.
• Bilingual proficiency is represented as a dual iceberg.
• Integrated Treatment of Languages (ITL) is necessary because languages can be learnt by transference.

Basque Autonomous Community Bilingual Education

• The Basque language was the only pre-Indo-European language in the Spanish state that managed to overcome the pressure exerted by Latin.
• Basque was not used in the administration, and its sociolinguistic situation was a very good example of diglossia.
• In 1716, Castilian was introduced as the only official language of the monarchy.
• In France, after the French Revolution (1798), French was also proposed as the only official language of the Republic.
• One root factor in the decline of the Basque language was industrialization, with two main side effects: in-migration and urbanization of Basque speakers.

Language Acquisition and Maintenance

• It takes approximately 5 years to develop BICS (Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skill).
• Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) helps in the development of a new language because common theories or methods are shared.
• The two types of students found in maintenance immersion programs are those where different activities are made to work with the other languages (Part bilingualism) and both languages work with the curriculum, but without a specific area (Total bilingualism).
• The linguistic model in the Basque Country includes the A model, B model, and D model.
• The main goal of ITL (Integrated Treatment of Languages) is an agreement of languages in which all the languages are taken into account when it comes to teaching.
• The four characteristics of CLIL are Content, Linguistic, Cognition and Culture.

Western Language Ideology

• Western Language Ideology refers to the ideology that became dominant in Europe during the industrialization process and the institutionalization of the Nation-State.
• The main characteristic of diglossia is that the dominant language takes over the functions of the weaker variety.

Language Planning vs Language Policy

• Language Planning aims to change how a language is used, while Language Policy aims to establish the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages.

Corpus Planning

• An example of Corpus Planning is modernizing terminology and standardizing grammar and spelling.

BICS vs CALP

• BICS include idiomatic expressions, while CALP is essential for higher education and critical thinking.

Cummins' Iceberg Theory

• An advantage an immigrant student has in learning a new language, according to Cummin's iceberg theory, is that they have access to information about their first language stored in the CUP.