Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main types of electrical burns?
What are the two main types of electrical burns?
The human body offers a high resistance to the flow of electric current.
The human body offers a high resistance to the flow of electric current.
False
What is the approximate total resistance of the human body?
What is the approximate total resistance of the human body?
300 ohms
Which of the following is the most common non-fatal electrical injury?
Which of the following is the most common non-fatal electrical injury?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of grounding and bonding in electrical safety?
What is the main purpose of grounding and bonding in electrical safety?
Signup and view all the answers
A ______ is a mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of energy.
A ______ is a mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of energy.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT an example of an energy isolating device?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an energy isolating device?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a primary method of protection for hazardous areas?
Which of the following is a primary method of protection for hazardous areas?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three main classifications of hazardous areas based on the National Electrical Code (NEC)?
What are the three main classifications of hazardous areas based on the National Electrical Code (NEC)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a typical step in a dust explosion?
Which of the following is a typical step in a dust explosion?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four key elements of the fire triangle?
What are the four key elements of the fire triangle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences combustion process?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences combustion process?
Signup and view all the answers
Flash point is the temperature at which a liquid fuel will ignite and sustain a continuous flame.
Flash point is the temperature at which a liquid fuel will ignite and sustain a continuous flame.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of fire extinguishers?
What is the main purpose of fire extinguishers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the acronym used to remember how to operate a fire extinguisher?
What is the acronym used to remember how to operate a fire extinguisher?
Signup and view all the answers
A hazardous substance is a chemical that can cause harm to humans alone.
A hazardous substance is a chemical that can cause harm to humans alone.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the acronym for the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals?
What is the acronym for the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals?
Signup and view all the answers
Besides the health, flammability, and reactivity hazards, name two other categories of hazards considered in the NFPA 704 Hazid Labeling system.
Besides the health, flammability, and reactivity hazards, name two other categories of hazards considered in the NFPA 704 Hazid Labeling system.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary use of Safety Data Sheets (SDS)?
What is the primary use of Safety Data Sheets (SDS)?
Signup and view all the answers
The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020, is a legal framework in India that subsumes many previous labor laws.
The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020, is a legal framework in India that subsumes many previous labor laws.
Signup and view all the answers
Which Indian agency is responsible for regulating the safety of explosives, compressed gases, and petroleum?
Which Indian agency is responsible for regulating the safety of explosives, compressed gases, and petroleum?
Signup and view all the answers
The Indian Electricity Act of 2003 addresses aspects of safety and regulation in the electricity industry.
The Indian Electricity Act of 2003 addresses aspects of safety and regulation in the electricity industry.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT one of the five key steps for safety?
Which of the following is NOT one of the five key steps for safety?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two main categories of risk control strategies?
What are the two main categories of risk control strategies?
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ is the process of ensuring the electrical continuity of metallic parts within a system.
The ______ is the process of ensuring the electrical continuity of metallic parts within a system.
Signup and view all the answers
Excavations deeper than 1.2 meters are considered inherently dangerous and require strict safety protocols due to the increased risk of cave-ins.
Excavations deeper than 1.2 meters are considered inherently dangerous and require strict safety protocols due to the increased risk of cave-ins.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a hazard associated with excavation work?
Which of the following is NOT a hazard associated with excavation work?
Signup and view all the answers
The presence of flammable gases or vapors in an excavation requires the use of specialized rescue equipment.
The presence of flammable gases or vapors in an excavation requires the use of specialized rescue equipment.
Signup and view all the answers
List three methods for controlling standing water in an excavation site.
List three methods for controlling standing water in an excavation site.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a safe excavation site?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a safe excavation site?
Signup and view all the answers
The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020, emphasizes the importance of implementing a safe work procedure for confined spaces.
The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020, emphasizes the importance of implementing a safe work procedure for confined spaces.
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ is the process of providing support to the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
The ______ is the process of providing support to the sides of an excavation to prevent cave-ins.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
ME 291 - Modules III & IV
- Session 2024-2025
Scope of Coverage - Module III
- Electrical Safety
- Safety measures for electrical work
- Fires & Explosions
- Classification of Fire & Fire Extinguishers
- Toxic Gas Release & Preventive Measures
Awareness on Electrocution Death
-
Major causes of electrical accidents:
- Accidental contact with live wires
- Negligence of safety measures
- Unauthorized persons attending electrical works
- Wrong work practice
-
Do's:
- Immediately switch off, unplug appliances if an electric shock occurs.
- Call a qualified electrician.
- Always check for loose or exposed wiring.
- Switch off electrical equipment not in use.
- Keep electrical cords out of walkways.
- Use extension cords temporarily.
-
Don'ts:
- Do not move a victim of electrical injury unless immediate danger exists.
- Do not touch the victim with bare hands.
- Never use water in electrical fires.
- Do not use electric shavers during thunderstorms.
- Do not overload cords or electrical sockets.
- Never touch switches with wet hands or when floor is wet.
Two employees of Tawang electrical division electrocuted to death
- Date: October 19, 2024
- Location: Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, India
- Cause: Electrocution while repairing the 11kv Tawang-Timilo-Changprong-Seru-Yusum feeder line.
- Victims: Tenzin Lotey and Vikash Kumar
- Reported cause: Electrocuted while fixing isolated conductor without taking shutdown from control room at 4:45pm.
- Two other staffers were unharmed.
- Actions: District power department is ensuring awareness among staff to prevent future incidents and Chief Minister Pema Khandu expressed grief and offered ex gratia payments.
What electricity can do
- Electric shock and burns from contact with live parts
- Thermal burns from contact with heated appliances
- Arcing causing injury (even death) or fire
- Fire from faulty or misuse of electrical equipment/appliances
- Fire or explosion by unsuitable electrical apparatus in hazardous areas
- Static electricity causing fire or explosion in flammable vapors or dusts
- Secondary Injuries
Electricity & the Human Body
- Electric current flows through body tissues when simultaneous contact with objects of varying voltages is made.
- The human body permits easy passage of current that may affect:
- Muscular
- Circulatory
- Respiratory functions
- Serious burns may occur.
- Resistance to current flow varies from person to person based on hair, skin, and internal body tissue.
- Current primarily determines physiological effects but remember Ohm's Law.
Elect Resistance of the Human Body
- Rtotal = Rskin(in) + Rinternal + Rskin(out)
- Rtotal is approximately 1000-100,000 ohms, depending on contact area, moisture, and skin condition.
- Rskin is approximately 99% of Rtotal.
- Dry thickened palm skin resistance can be greater than 100,000 ohms.
- Cuts, abrasions, or wetness can lower Rskin.
- Resistance is voltage-dependent (AC).
Ways to Control Electrical Hazards
- Hazard control
- Physical controls
- Grounding & Bonding
- Procedures
- Switching devices
- Over-current devices
Types of Injuries
- Burns (most common nonfatal electrical injury)
- High-voltage fatalities often involve electro-thermal burns.
- Involuntary muscle contractions can prevent a victim from releasing a live conductor.
- Nervous system effects
- Breathing can stop at 30 mA of AC current at 60Hz
- Falls
- Ventricular fibrillation (irregular heartbeat) and cardiac arrest can occur when exposed to current
- Pulmonary arrest from nerve center paralysis
- Causes more than one injury
Factors for Severity of Injuries
- Current through body
- Area of body contact
- Physical size, condition, age of person
- Circuit path
- Duration of current
- Body resistance
- Wet and/or damp locations
- PPE used
- Circuit Voltage
Risk Factors
- Dose-Duration response (500mA for 0.5s is fatal to adult human, 100mA for 2s is fatal to adult human, 3mA causes painful shock)
- Shock Path (Skin 1.5 - 2K ohms).
- Heart Cycle (750ms fibrillation)
- Frequency (High frequency can cause serious internal burns).
- Factors influence severity of harm.
Dose / Response
- Dose-Response shows relationship between current and bodily response (e.g. cardiac and breathing arrest, ventricular fibrillation and physiological threshold).
Recognizing a Casualty
- Asphyxia
- No discernible pulse
- Pallid blue colour
- Muscular contraction
- Contact burns
- May have been thrown by shock
First Aid
- Isolate from power source.
- Turn off low voltage supplies.
- Dislodge injured person with non-conducting prop.
- Never attempt a rescue of high voltage incident unless power turned off by the supply authority.
Electrical Safety Devices
- Residual Current-Operated Circuit Breakers (RCCBs) (30, 100, 300 mA)
- Delayed tripping RCCBs (200 mS)
- Arc Fault Current Interrupters (AFCIs)
- Glowing Connection Detector (GCDs)
- Infra-Red Hotspot Detection Tool
- Thermography Surveys
- Ground Fault Circuit Interruptors (GFCI) or Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCB) (5 mA)
Isolation, Lockout / Tagout (LOTO)
- Procedures for isolating energy
Energized
- Connected to an energy source OR containing residual or stored energy
Energy Source
- Electrical
- Mechanical
- Hydraulic
- Pneumatic
- Chemical
- Thermal
- Water under pressure
- Gravity
- Potential
- Any other energy
Energy isolating device
- Mechanical device that physically prevents transmission or energy release
- Circuit breakers
- NOT push buttons
- NOT selector switches
- NOT control circuits
Scope
- Protecting maintenance personnel.
- Covers servicing
- Unexpected energization or startup
- Release of stored energy
Exceptions
- Does not apply to cord & plug connected equipment
- Exposure to hazard is controlled by unplugging and plugging.
- Employee control during service or maintenance.
- Minor activities during normal production or if routine and repetitive.
- Alternative measures for effective protection.
Tagout
- Device placement on energy isolating devices.
- Indicates that energy isolating devices and equipment may not be operated until tagout device is removed.
- Preventing unauthorized operation.
Lockout/Tag-Out Equipment
- Approved locks and tags.
Hazardous Area Classification
- Identifying areas with explosive atmospheres.
- Selecting appropriate electrical apparatus
- Locating other equipment (e.g., heaters, boilers)
- Classification based on normal/abnormal conditions.
Procedure for classifying locations
- Steps 1 to 4 for identifying hazardous areas.
Equipment for Hazardous Areas
- Measures for avoiding ignition source
- Special construction / erection standards are necessary for electrical equipment in explosive atmospheres.
Primary Methods of Protection
- Intrinsic safety
- Limiting energy
- Eliminating air
- Containing ignition result
- Restricting component temperature
- Explosion-proofing & sealing
Electrical Area Classification
- Nature of hazard (e.g., gas, vapor, dust)
- Likelihood of hazard (e.g., normal, abnormal)
- National Electrical Code (NEC)
- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
- Specific classifications of hazardous atmospheres are needed.
Gas Groups
- Listing of gases in class 1 areas with corresponding North America/ CENELEC/IEC codes.
Grouping Gases, Vapors, & Dusts
- Grouping of gases/vapors/dusts based on Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) and Minimum Ignition Current (MIC).
Labeling
- Certified to CENELEC standards.
- Explosion protection method
- Apparatus group (gas group)
- Temperature class
Codes and References
- Codes and documents related to electrical and other industries such as safety codes, standards, models, regulatory information, and the like.
- Indian standards, IEC, API-RP-500A, CENELEC/ATEX, UL/FM/BASEEFA
Zone
- Zone 0: Continuous explosive gas-air mixture (>1000 hrs)
- Zone 1: Periodic explosive gas-air mixture (10-1000 hrs)
- Zone 2: Occasional explosive gas-air mixture (0.1-10 hrs)
Explosion-proof enclosure
- Withstands pressure of an internal explosion.
- Does not cause ignition of external gas/vapor.
- Minimum 5 threads for cooling.
Max surface temperature codes
- Temperatures and classifications relating to equipment for hazardous areas.
Grounding vs. Bonding
- Unequal charged bodies vs. equal bodies.
- Grounding removes charge.
Conditions for Static Ignition
- Presence of flammable atmosphere
- Generation of static
- Static accumulation
- Spark
- Sufficient spark energy
Static Generation
- Flow of light hydrocarbons
- Passage of dry powder material
- Charging of non-conductive clothing
- Loading and unloading of liquid hydrocarbons
- Spray painting
Fire Science
- Basic fire triangle (fuel, oxygen, and heat).
- Fire tetrahedron (fuel, oxygen, heat and chemical chain reaction).
Fire ravages Shillong Bar Association building
- Date: February 24, 2024
- Location: Shillong, Meghalaya, India
- Cause: Electrical issues (potential).
Fire Triangle & Fire Tetrahedron models
- The Fire Triangle depicts the relationship between fuel, oxygen, and heat that causes combustion, while describing components of fire (fuel, oxidizers, and heat).
- The Fire Tetrahedron expands on the fire triangle by including chemical chain reaction.
Fuel
- Materials being oxidized in combustion.
- Inorganic or Organic (Hydrocarbon-based or Cellulose-based)
- Physical state(Solid, liquid or gas)
- Distribution or orientation of fuel.
Combustion Modes
- Flaming Oxidation involves fuel as a gas
- Requires liquid/solid fuels to convert to gas or vapor.
- When heated, liquid/solid fuels give off vapors that burn.
- Non-Flaming Some solid fuels can undergo oxidation at the surface of the fuel
- Burning charcoal, smoldering fabric
Solid Fuel
- Reaction to heat (melting and vaporization, pyrolysis decomposition)
- Combustible vapors
- Sublimation
- Surface-to-mass ratio
- Proximity/orientation to heat source
What's in a flame?
- Regions of reacting gases that release chemical energy
- Lightest gases accelerate upwards, then diluted by surrounding air.
What's in a flame?
- Outer non-luminous flame
- Inner blue cone (reaction zone with oxygen)
- Hottest region
- Fuel vapor decomposes and heats, converting liquid fuel to gas.
Liquid Fuel Characteristics
- Flash point
- Fire point
- Surface area
- Solubility
- Fire fighting procedures.
Upper explosive limit (UEL) and Lower explosive limit (LEL)
- Diagram showing the UEL and LEL zones in a graph.
Flammable or Explosive Range
- Table displaying flammable/explosive range for several gases and materials.
Flash Point, Fire Point, Boiling Point and Ignition Temperature
- Diagram illustrating the flash point, fire point, boiling point and ignition temperature as stages of heating in a container.
Flash Point and Ignition Point of Different Fuels
Values for flash and ignition points of various fuels.
Vapour Density
- Ratio of a vapor's mass to the mass of an equal volume of air.
Heat - Positive Thermal Feedback
- Diagram shows heat loss to surroundings and thermal feedback relationship with combustion.
Oxygen
- Ignition at 14–15 % oxygen
- Limited oxygen leads to smoldering instead of flaming.
- Fires in O2-enriched atmospheres are difficult to extinguish.
- Flaming combustion occurs at lower O2 concentrations at elevated temperatures.
How do fires start?
- Ignition requires simultaneous presence of heat, fuel vapor, and sufficient air (supporting combustion).
Fire Development In a Compartment
- Diagrams demonstrating how fire development correlates with fuel and ventilation characteristics.
Fuel Type
- Fuel's characteristics (mass and surface area) impacts heat released and combustion duration.
- Building configuration, contents, construction, and fire location relate to fire development.
- Fire temperature over time according to standards (ISO 834, ASTM E119, and hydrocarbon fires).
Accumulated Dust Explosion
- Stages leading to a dust explosion: powder settles, fluffing into a cloud, ignition of the cloud, and explosion.
Fire Triangle & Explosion Pentagon
- Diagram showing the fire triangle (fuel, oxygen, and heat) and the analogous explosion pentagon (fuel, oxygen, ignition source, confinement).
- Key components of explosion are fuel, oxygen, ignition source and confinement.
Potential Major Explosion Scenarios
- Vapour cloud explosions
- Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions
In Case of Fire
- List of precautions to take when dealing with a fire (e.g., call fire services, sound the alarm, leave the premises, report, and do not return until authorized).
Classification of Fires
- Standard classifications for fire incidents applicable to choosing suitable fire extinguishing methods and appropriate equipment.
Fixed Fire Protection
- Passive fire protection methods like detectors, alarms, water-based systems, and specialized systems.
Plan Your Escape!
- Graphical demonstration of escape routes for buildings, both primary (main) and secondary (alternative) paths.
If Your Clothes Catch Fire
- Procedures for dealing with clothing fires (stop, drop, and roll).
STOP, DROP, and ROLL
- Fire extinguishing method related to clothing fires.
Residential Fire Prevention and Safety Guide
Operation of an extinguisher (PASS)
- Procedures for using a fire extinguisher (Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep).
HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER (PASS)
- Different methods for using a fire extinguisher.
HazMat
- Hazard characteristics and hazardous substances.
- Substances harmful to humans, other living creatures, plants, and the environment.
Types of Hazardous Materials
- List of hazardous material classifications (explosives, gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizers, organic peroxides, poisons, radioactive materials, corrosives, and miscellaneous hazardous materials)
Acute Toxicity
- LD50 and LC50 measurements for determining acute toxicity levels
Toxic Effects
- Acute vs. Chronic effects
- Local vs. Systemic effects
Toxic Tolerance Limits
- Threshold Limit Values (TLV), time-weighted averages (TWA), short-term exposure limits (STEL), and ceiling values.
- Immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH)
NFPA Hazid Labeling
- Quick identification of hazardous materials, considering health, flammability, and reactivity or stability.
Emergency Information Panel
- Diagram demonstrating components of emergency information panel (correct technical name, UN no., HAZCHEM, emergency dial, subsidiary risk labels, specialist advice).
Emergency Information Panels for Vehicles
- Diagram showing locations of emergency information panels on delivery trucks.
Gas Leak Deaths
- Summary of gas leak incident involving fatalities in Ludhiana, India.
Hazardous chemical label
- Sample of label for a hazardous material containing important information such as its chemical name, UN number, and Emergency Contact information.
Illustrations and images demonstrating various safety measures.
Excavation
- Definitions of excavation terms such as excavation, trench and shield.
Excavation Hazards
- Cave-ins, Underground utilities, falling materials/equipment, struck-by accidents, asphyxiation, explosions, electrocution, and drowning.
Employee Access/Egress
- Ramp designs, structurally sound ramps, surface treatment for slippery prevention, appropriate egress means, fixed ladders, using metal ladders, and caution around utilities.
Hazardous Atmospheres
- Methods of identifying and recognizing hazards in excavations
- Safety precautions in case of hazardous atmospheres (oxygen concentrations, flammable gas concentrations, and hazardous substance concentrations).
Water Accumulation Hazards
- Techniques for controlling standing water (i.e., special support/shield systems, water removal equipment, safety harnesses, and lifelines).
Protecting structures near excavation
- Necessary supporting system measures for ensuring stability of nearby structures and walls (e.g., shoring, bracing, underpinning).
Loose rock and soil as hazards
- Procedures for preventing loose rock/soil from falling onto workers or impacting their safety during excavation activities (barricades, surface material distances).
Sloping and Benching
- Techniques for creating safe excavation slopes, soil classification, and the use of benching.
- Slope sides to a safe angle
- Slope angle not be steeper than 1.5 horizontal to 1 (max) vertical is safe
- Soil classification may not be needed if sloped to this angle
- Other slopes may be used for other soil types
- Benching creates horizontal levels or steps with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.
Protective Systems
- Support systems, shield systems, and other protective measures related to cave-in prevention during excavations in various soil types.
Protective Systems.
- Soil classification and stable rock considerations; depth (< 1.5m) considerations; appropriate design needed; resistance to all types of loads and systems,
Support, shield & protective systems
- Different types of support systems (timber, aluminum, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical systems).
- Shoring systems that comprise cross braces, wales and uprights.
Trench Failure
- Factors that might cause trench failure or change in the trench.
- Importance of taking precautions when dealing with bulldozers, sudden heavy rains, underground utility breakage, tension cracks, unsupported excavations, downward pressure, and upward water flow.
Elements of Emergency Planning
- Hazard identification
- Assessment of likely scenarios
- Time scales (on-site/off-site)
- Mitigation measures
- Emergency management (EM) teams
- Training drills (desk-top, dry, mock drills) and their importance in real-world situations.
Emergency equipment
- Keeping equipment ready for emergencies is necessary.
- Respirators are necessary for potential hazardous atmospheres
- Independent lifelines are required when appropriate
Personal & Collective Protective Equipment & Systems
- Importance and types of personal protective equipment (PPE) used in excavations, such as hard hats, goggles, masks, high-visibility clothing, protective gloves, and safety boots, and collective protective systems.
Site Safety
- Following approved PPE standards for safety measures in excavation sites for all personnel and company workers.
Basic Life Support
- Procedures to follow in case of emergencies (CPR, AED)
Hazards on Site
- List of potential hazards on an excavation site that includes some example hazards (e.g. Heavy Machinery, Scissor Lifts, Weather/Sun/Rain, Work-Related Noise, Heavy Vehicles, Electrical Hazards, Open Excavations, Water Ponding, Cranes, Hot Work).
- Example recorded site hazards and corresponding controls.
- Procedures for reporting daily hazards and controls for site management.
Codes, Standards, Laws
- Basic details about the contents of uniform, clarity, safety standards, and codes of practice related to activities, equipment, specifications.
HSE Statutes & Standards
- Legislation, rules, and standards to protect the health and safety of personnel working at many different types of work.
- Includes Acts such as The Factories Act, Petroleum Act, Explosives Act, Static and Mobile Pressure Vessels Act, Gas Cylinder Rules, Inflammable Substances Act, Calcium Carbide Rules.
HSE Statutes & Standards
- Acts and rules relating to occupational safety, health, and working conditions.
- Acts, rules, and related standards involved include The Indian Electricity Act, Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, The Chemical Accidents Rules, Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, The Indian Electricity Act, The Central Motor Vehicles Act.
HSE Statutes & Standards
- Government-related acts and rules covering public liability insurance, plastic waste management, e-waste management, construction and demolition waste management, hazardous and other wastes, and solid waste management.
A final word
- Codes define minimum safety criteria; stricter requirements may arise.
- Code clarification and the applicability of different codes in various situations.
- Importance of consulting code officials and resolving discrepancies or ambiguities.
UN Classification of Hazardous Substances
- Numbered classifications of hazardous substances.
Hazardous Material Placards
- Pictures/descriptions of various classifications of hazardous materials (Class 1 Explosives to Class 9 Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials)
Hazard Symbols
- Symbols for specific hazards: explosive (E), highly flammable (F), toxic (T), harmful (Xn), irritant(Xi),corrosive(C), and dangerous for the environment (N).
SDS Format
- Standard for Safety Data Sheets (SDS) with 16 headings.
Routes of Entry
- Entry routes for harmful substances through inhalation, ingestion, contact, through eye and other openings (such as cuts and wounds) and absorption.
Measures of Toxicity
- Details of measures for determining toxicity (TLVs (Threshold Limit Values) ACGIH, IDLH, PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit), LC (Lethal Concentration), LD (Lethal Dose)).
Inert Gases
- Details of risks associated with inert gases as harmful substances (e.g., inhalation).
- Factors that may result in inert gas injury.
Five steps for Safety
General safety principles: Elimination, Engineering Controls, Warnings, Training/Procedures, and Personal Protective Equipment
Risk Control
- Diagram depicting a hierarchy of risk control software and hardware categories, including likelihood and severity controls.
Safe Working Procedures
- Safe working procedures (SOPs). Permit to work. Cold work permit, hot work permit, confined space entry. Inert entry, Risk assessment, Job safety analysis Pre-work safety talk and Management of Change, BBS.
Scope of Coverage - Module IV
- Safety in construction, underground/overground/underwater work, movement of materials and personnel.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), selection, and classification.
- Legal framework (statutory provisions) and safety standards for workplace activities.
Illustrations and images demonstrating safety procedures
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
