Introduction to the Immune System
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Questions and Answers

What role do epithelial cells play in the body's defense mechanism?

  • They act as a physical barrier and secrete protective factors. (correct)
  • They are solely responsible for phagocytosis.
  • They are only involved in the adaptive immune response.
  • They primarily produce antibodies for fighting pathogens.

    • Which cells are key mediators of the innate immune response?

  • Epithelial cells and fibroblasts
  • Cytokines and antibodies
  • B cells and T cells
  • Neutrophils and macrophages (correct)

    • What happens when the innate immune system is unable to manage an infection?

  • Immediate healing occurs without the need for additional response.
  • There is an increased production of epithelial cells.
  • The adaptive immune response is activated. (correct)
  • The infection resolves itself spontaneously.

    • How do antibodies produced by B cells function in the immune response?

    <p>They bind to pathogens and help mark them for destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cytokines in the immune response?

    <p>They act as messengers that facilitate communication between immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the innate immune response?

    <p>Rapid and non-specific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of barriers do epithelial cells primarily form?

    <p>Physical barriers that prevent pathogen entry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response compared to the innate immune response?

    <p>It is slower but provides stronger specificity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the immune system?

    <p>To protect the host from pathogenic microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of understanding should students aim to achieve in this overview of the immune system?

    <p>A broad conceptual overview of immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the issues students face in studying immunology?

    <p>Students struggle with the interconnected nature of immune components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be the focus of the final lecture in the immunology series?

    <p>The growing field of immunotherapeutics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune system contribute to tissue homeostasis?

    <p>By removing dead or damaged cells and promoting repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the immune system expected to address?

    <p>A range of infectious threats including cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way the lecture series aims to support students in their study of immunology?

    <p>By minimizing the use of technical language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main layers of protection the immune system provides against infection?

    <p>Physical barriers, innate immunity, adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sentinel cells in the immune system?

    <p>To recognize and alert the immune system to invading pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T-cell is identified by the expression of CD8 on its surface?

    <p>Cytotoxic T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of phagocytes in the immune system?

    <p>To engulf and destroy invading pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dendritic cells link the innate and adaptive immune systems?

    <p>By processing antigens and presenting them on their surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are known as natural killer cells?

    <p>Innate lymphoid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the effectiveness of the adaptive immune system with repeated exposure to the same pathogen?

    <p>It becomes more effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of innate immune cells?

    <p>They are always present in tissues, ready to respond.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in the immune response?

    <p>They serve as signaling molecules to communicate between immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the innate immune system's response mechanism?

    <p>It is always present at body surfaces and can respond rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules are recognized by the adaptive immune system to trigger a response?

    <p>Unique antigens, typically proteins or peptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the overall speed of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>Delayed, taking days to weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the innate immune system recognize pathogens?

    <p>Through recognition of common molecular patterns shared among classes of microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the innate immune system encounters the same pathogen multiple times?

    <p>It reacts in broadly the same way each time, with little to no enhancement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the adaptive immune system, what is the role of T and B cells?

    <p>They have receptors that specifically recognize unique antigens leading to an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is crucial for the activation of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>Priming or activation by specific antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental difference between the recognition capabilities of the innate and adaptive immune systems?

    <p>The innate immune system recognizes broad patterns across microbes, while the adaptive is highly specific to unique antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages when they encounter bacteria?

    <p>They engulf and digest the bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do cytokines do once they are released by activated sentinel cells?

    <p>Increase the body's temperature to induce fever.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells arrive first in large numbers to the site of infection?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do vasoactive molecules have on blood vessels?

    <p>They promote blood vessel permeability and dilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do macrophages attach to bacteria?

    <p>Through specific cell surface receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the debris from digested bacteria once macrophages process them?

    <p>They are excreted into the tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of neutrophils after migrating into tissue following an inflammatory stimulus?

    <p>Phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NETs and what is their role in the immune response?

    <p>They are webs of DNA fibers that trap pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dendritic cells contribute to the adaptive immune response?

    <p>By presenting peptide antigens to T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the release of granules by neutrophils considered a dangerous move?

    <p>It can damage the host's own tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cells recognize antigens during their surveillance in lymph nodes?

    <p>By recognizing displayed peptide antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens first after an inflammatory stimulus is injected into the muscle?

    <p>Neutrophils begin to squeeze out of blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type acts as a crucial link between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the localized recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages during an infection?

    <p>Destruction of host tissues due to non-specific activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to the Immune System

    • Immune system overview presented as a framework for learning individual components in subsequent lectures
    • Learning objectives for the lecture outlining the generation of an immune response from initial infection to adaptive immune system elimination
    • Acknowledging the complexity and interconnectedness of components in the immune response
    • Importance of understanding broader concepts over molecular details, particularly for pharmacy students
    • Emphasis on the growing field of immunotherapeutics as a significant aspect of a pharmacist's professional career

    Innate Immune System

    • Protection against pathogenic microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
    • Removal of cancerous cells and maintaining tissue homeostasis by removing dead/damaged cells and promoting tissue repair
    • Three main layers of protection: physical/chemical barriers, innate immune system, and adaptive immune system

    Physical and Chemical Barriers

    • Epithelial barriers (skin, respiratory, urogenital, gastrointestinal tracts)
    • Tight junctions forming physical barriers against microbes
    • Secreted factors by epithelial cells: mucus, antimicrobial factors
    • Crucial role to prevent infection prior to activation of adaptive immune response

    Innate Immune System vs. Adaptive Immune System

    • Innate immune system: rapid, non-specific, responds within minutes to hours to pathogens.
    • Adaptive immune system: slow (days to weeks), highly specific response to pathogens.
    • Comparison of response times and specificity of responses
    • Cells and molecular mediators involved (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, cytokines, complement)

    Key Components of the Immune System

    • Cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, ILCs (innate lymphoid cells), NK cells (natural killer cells), helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B cells
    • Molecules: cytokines, chemokines, antibodies
    • PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns): recognized by receptors in immune cells.
    • DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns): released from damaged host cells.

    Adaptive Immune System

    • Initiated when innate immune response cannot fully resolve the infection
    • T cells and B cells are key mediators
    • T cells: helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells
    • B cells: antibody production
    • Specific response (primes based on antigen exposure)
    • Memory (efficient response upon subsequent exposures to same pathogen)
    • Role of vaccination based on memory response.

    ###Immune Response Generation

    • Antigen presentation by dendritic cells in lymph nodes
    • T cell activation and proliferation to generate specific T cells.
    • Helper T cells activating B cells to produce antibodies
    • Antibodies' actions: neutralizing pathogens, complement activation, enhancing phagocytosis, and directly destroying pathogens
    • Cytokines in communication of the cells and response regulation.

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    PL1003 Topic 4: Introduction to the Immune System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the foundational concepts of the immune system, highlighting the roles of innate and adaptive immunity. It focuses on the immune response's development in the face of infections and the importance of immune system understanding for pharmacy students. Key components and barriers that protect the body against pathogens are also addressed.

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