Infectious Diseases Quiz: Measles and Rubella

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary virus responsible for measles?

Aureus

Rubella virus

Human parvovirus B-19

Paramyxovirus (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of measles?

Koplik spots (correct)

Purulent conjunctivitis

Slapped cheek rash

Bullous lesions

What is the characteristic immune response caused by measles infection?

Activation of monocytes only

Depression of both cell-mediated and humoral immunity (correct)

Enhancement of humoral immunity

Increased B cell count

How long is rubella considered communicable?

Five days before to five days after rash onset Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with erythema infectiosum or slapped cheek syndrome?

Human parvovirus B-19 Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual method of transmission for rubella?

Inhalation of droplet nuclei Signup and view all the answers

What type of vaccine is widely used in the U.S. for preventing measles and rubella?

Live attenuated vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk of parvovirus B-19 infection during pregnancy?

Harm or death to a developing fetus Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym TORCH represent in the context of maternal infections?

Toxoplasmosis, Other, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpesvirus Signup and view all the answers

Which potential manifestation is common in infants infected under the TORCH acronym?

Microcephaly Signup and view all the answers

What serious condition can congenital syphilis cause in infants?

Eighth nerve deafness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is known to cause the 'blueberry muffin syndrome' in neonates?

Congenital syphilis Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with causing chickenpox and is part of the herpes virus family?

Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) Signup and view all the answers

What is a macule?

A flat discolored area of the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which pathogen is responsible for Scarlet fever?

Streptococcus pyogenes Signup and view all the answers

What type of rash is associated with measles?

Maculopapular rash Signup and view all the answers

What are TORCH infections primarily associated with?

Congenital infections in neonates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly differentiates a vesicle from a pustule?

A vesicle is a small blister, while a pustule is a pus-filled bump. Signup and view all the answers

What are the major characteristics of dermal bacterial and viral infections in pediatric populations?

Can result in maculopapular, vesicular, and pustular rashes Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins in Scarlet fever?

They act as super antigens that activate T cells non-specifically. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an exanthematous disease?

It causes an ill person to break out in a rash covering most of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Roseola infantum?

Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Signup and view all the answers

Which method of transmission is associated with Varicella-Zoster virus?

Respiratory route Signup and view all the answers

What condition can be caused by primary maternal varicella during pregnancy?

Birth defects Signup and view all the answers

What is the common age group affected by Roseola infantum?

Infants under 2 years Signup and view all the answers

What symptom typically follows the high fever associated with Roseola infantum?

Maculopapular rash Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Coxsackie A virus, the cause of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease?

It is acid-stable and resistant to harsh conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which vaccine is associated with Varicella-Zoster virus for preventing chickenpox?

ProQuad vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What are the usual manifestations of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease caused by Coxsackie A virus?

Sores in the mouth and blisters on the hands and feet Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dermal Pediatric Infections

Topic: Dermal Pediatric Infections overview
Speaker: Beatrice Saviola
Conflict of Interest: Dr. Saviola has no financial interests or other conflicts to disclose.

Objectives

Objective 1: Students will be able to describe the basic microbiology and pathogenesis of crucial bacteria and viruses that affect pediatric populations' skin.
Objective 2: Students will be able to differentiate the various bacteria and viruses that cause dermal infections in children.
Objective 3: Students will be able to identify the key characteristics of bacterial and viral skin infections in children and their diagnostic methods.

Outline

1st-6th Disease: Infectious disease
Maculopapular Rash-producing Pathogens: Infectious agents causing rashes characterized by flat, discolored areas and slightly raised bumps.
Vesicular Pathogens: Infectious agents causing blisters on the skin.
TORCH Infections: Group of infections, including Toxoplasmosis, Other, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes, that can cause fetal harm if a pregnant woman is infected.

Definitions

Macule: Flat, discolored area on the skin.
Papule: Small, raised bump on the skin.
Vesicle: Small blister filled with fluid.
Pustule: Blister filled with pus.

Exanthematous Diseases

Exanthem: Skin rash covering most of the body.
Measles and Pox: Historically grouped together; later distinguished as maculopapular (measles) and vesicular/pustular (pox).
Six separate childhood exanthems: defined

Bacterial Toxin-Mediated Systemic Infections

Macularpapular rash: Caused by bacterial toxins affecting the body in a systemic way.

Scarlet Fever

Cause: Streptococcus pyogenes producing streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (superantigens), leading to T cell activation.
Association: Usually linked with pharyngeal infections.
Alternative causing agent: Staphylococcus aureus may also cause this rash or disease.

Superantigens

Mechanism of action: Superantigens activate T cells non-specifically.
Diagram: Illustrates the interaction of superantigens with T cells.

Viral Macular/Maculopapular Exanthems

Infectious agents causing macular or maculopapular rashes

Viral Infections (Table)

Virus Family: List of viruses affecting children
RNA Structure: Descriptions of each virus RNA type.
Virion-Associated Polymerase: Associated viral polymerase for each.
Envelope: Presence or absence of viral envelope
Shape: Descriptions of each virus's shape.
Multiplies in: Location of viral replication
Major Viruses: List of common viruses in each family.

Measles (Rubeola)

Cause: Paramyxovirus (enveloped negative-sense ssRNA virus).
Host: Only humans are known hosts.
Antigenic Type: One antigenic type.
Transmission: Air droplets, infectious in the air in droplet form for a prolonged time.

Measles (Rubeola) Transmission and Symptoms.

Portal of entry: Upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva.
Virus excretion amount: Large volumes in mucus.
Koplik spots: Oral lesions preceding rash.
Contagiousness: Very highly contagious by close contact.
Historical prevalence: Common childhood illness before widespread vaccination.
Current prevalence: Rare in the U.S. due to vaccination.
Measles Virus effect on immune system: Represses the immune system's cell-mediated and humoral responses.
Other infections: Children can develop lethal infections from other illnesses

Measles Infection Stages (Diagram)

Diagram illustrating the spread of Measles virus in a host (e.g., respiratory tract, viremia, rash).

Measles Prevention

Vaccine: Effective live attenuated vaccine (MMR) administered to children around 12-15 months.

Rubella

Cause: Togavirus (now recognized as a positive-sense ssRNA virus)
Host: Only humans are known hosts.
Antigenic Type: One antigenic type.
Transmission: Inhalation of droplet nuclei from respiratory tract of infected individuals.
Contagiousness: Less contagious compared to measles.
Most Communicable Period: 5 days before rash onset to 5 days after
Prevention: Live attenuated vaccine is available in the U.S. is part of the MMR vaccine .

Rubella and the Fetus

Effect on pregnancy: Can cause congenital infection, harming a developing fetus.

Varicella (Chickenpox)

Etiology: Herpesvirus
Transmission: Respiratory route, very contagious; maternal infection associated with birth defects.
Viremic spread: spread through the body

Herpes Zoster (Shingles)

Etiology: Reactivation of latent VZV
Location: Dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerves.
Symptoms: Rash in the dermatomes innervated by the affected nerves.

Varicella/Herpes Zoster Vaccine

Prevention: Live attenuated vaccine (ProQuad or Varivax) required in California; Recombinant vaccine (Shingrix) available.

Other Manifestations of Varicella Infection (Risks)

Effect on the Immune System: Live attenuated vaccine can cause mild rash/symptoms
Other Risks:
Immunocompromised persons: live attenuated vaccine is a potential danger
Pregnant women: live attenuated vaccine (some potential dangers from rare occurrences)

Varicella-Zoster Viral Model

Diagram illustrates the viral replication processes during primary infection and recurrent infections

Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)

Cause Parvovirus B19 (Naked ssDNA virus)
Transmission: Respiratory droplets and blood transfusions.
Prevalence: Common in children, sometimes in adults.
Viremia: Virus replicates in erythroid precursors.
Erythrocyte production: Temporarily affected, halted.
Infection outcome: Permanent immunity after infection.

Roseola Infantum (Sixth Disease)

Cause: Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) - Enveloped dsDNA virus
Transmission: Close contact, especially through saliva.
Feble Exanthem: Common in infants under two years old; characterized by a high fever (3–5 days) followed by rash

Other Viral Infections

Table: Listing of various viruses (DNA and RNA) affecting children.

Congenital Syphilis

Cause: Treponema pallidum infection.
Symptoms multiorgan malformations, nerve deafness, eye issues; widespread desquamating maculopapular rash, bone and tooth malformations
Impact Fetal harm, death possible.

Blueberry Muffin Syndrome

Cause Rubella, toxoplasmosis, herpes simplex, coxsackie virus, parvovirus, syphilis, or CMV.
Symptoms: Distinctive Purpura rash

Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Etiology: Coxsackie A virus (primarily A16).
Transmission: Fecal–oral and respiratory routes.
Symptoms: Mouth sores, hand and foot blisters.
Severeness: Generally not serious, but can cause discomfort.
Complications: Rare cases of aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis from enterovirus 71.

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Description

Test your knowledge on infectious diseases, focusing on measles, rubella, and related viruses. This quiz covers symptoms, immune responses, and prevention strategies associated with these diseases. Perfect for students in health science or public health courses.