Test prep 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary risk associated with vehicle transmission in respiratory care?

  • Inadequate disposal of sharps
  • Improper glove usage
  • Lack of handwashing between patients
  • Using the same equipment on multiple patients (correct)

    • Under which circumstances should gloves be used in a healthcare setting?

  • When interacting with patients without any visible fluids
  • When touching clean linens
  • When there is a possibility of contact with body fluids (correct)
  • While handling non-contaminated objects

    • What personal protective equipment is recommended when there is a risk of splashes or sprays during procedures?

  • Just a mask
  • Only a gown
  • Mask, eye protection, and face shield (correct)
  • Only gloves

    • What is the safest practice when handling needles in a healthcare setting?

    <p>Use a blunt needle for drawing from vials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct procedure for disposing of gloves after use?

    <p>Fold them over and place them in a designated container</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Multi-drug Resistant Organisms (MDRO)?

    <p>Bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is true?

    <p>Most strains of Staphylococcus aureus are sensitive to antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should healthcare providers be aware of when using gloves?

    <p>Sensitivity to latex allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common duration of hand-washing in hospital settings?

    <p>20 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which situation is the three-minute scrub recommended?

    <p>When leaving the hospital at the end of the day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the presence of microorganisms in a host without causing disease?

    <p>Colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients is considered highly susceptible to infection?

    <p>Someone with leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for preventing the transmission of microorganisms via contact?

    <p>Hand-washing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major route for the transmission of pathogens?

    <p>Common vehicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does neutropenia refer to?

    <p>Decrease in the number of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action should be taken after contact with body fluids while wearing gloves?

    <p>Discard the gloves and wash hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Standard Precautions in healthcare settings?

    <p>To treat all patients as if they have an infectious communicable disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a recommended action when caregivers enter a room of a patient with tuberculosis?

    <p>Wearing a HEPA-approved mask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of rigorous hand-washing in infection prevention compared to protective isolation?

    <p>It is equally effective as protective isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infectious diseases are discouraged from transporting within the hospital unless essential?

    <p>Diseases like TB, varicella, and measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What particle size are mycobacterium tuberculosis particles typically carried in?

    <p>1-5 microns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should gloves or gowns be changed while providing patient care?

    <p>Depending on the likelihood of contact with body fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of laminar flow in critical care areas?

    <p>To minimize airborne transmission of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices is critical when performing procedures associated with droplet transmission?

    <p>Using appropriate respiratory protection as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using steam sterilization for heat-stable items?

    <p>It is a dependable and inexpensive method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature and time are required for unwrapped items using autoclaving at 1.036 Bar?

    <p>121 °C for 20 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major contamination risk associated with large-volume nebulizers?

    <p>Back-flow of condensate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of ventilator systems presents the highest risk for contamination?

    <p>The external ventilator circuitry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has unit dosing impacted the risk of spreading infections in medications?

    <p>It has decreased but not eliminated the infection hazard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is MRSA often compared to regarding its danger to the general public?

    <p>Methicillin-sensitive S.aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary measure for preventing the spread of MRSA in healthcare settings?

    <p>Scrupulous hand washing by hospital staff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition makes VRE particularly dangerous?

    <p>It cannot be controlled with antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is at the greatest risk of C. diff infection?

    <p>The elderly and people with certain medical conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can C. diff infection spread?

    <p>From person-to-person on contaminated equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Vancomycin used for?

    <p>As an antibiotic of last resort for resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was VRE first identified in the United States?

    <p>1988</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about Acinetobacter is accurate?

    <p>It poses very little risk to healthy people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for avoiding the transportation of patients infected with TB, varicella, and measles within the hospital?

    <p>To minimize the risk of transmission of droplet nuclei.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential for respiratory care practitioners to undergo immunization against hepatitis?

    <p>They frequently handle materials that could be contaminated with blood and body fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the HEPA N95 mask for caregivers entering a room of a patient with tuberculosis?

    <p>To filter airborne particles effectively and reduce infection risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the practice of treating everyone as though they have an infectious communicable disease achieve?

    <p>It helps build a habit of precaution and safety among healthcare providers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended duration for the common hand-washing technique used between patients in a hospital setting?

    <p>20 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an individual with neutropenia?

    <p>An individual with a decrease in neutrophil count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis concerning its transmission?

    <p>It can remain airborne for extended periods due to its particle size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of scrub is specifically recommended for healthcare workers arriving at or leaving the hospital?

    <p>3-minute scrub</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the presence of microorganisms in a host without causing tissue damage?

    <p>Colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which patient population is identified as highly susceptible to infections due to their compromised health?

    <p>Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infection Control Principles

    • Hand-washing is the most effective method for preventing microorganism transmission through contact.
    • A common hand-washing duration in healthcare settings is 20 seconds, necessary between patients, prior to medication preparation, and after potential contamination.
    • The three-minute scrub is recommended upon arrival and departure in healthcare facilities, requiring thorough scrubbing of forearms, wrists, and hands.

    Transmission Routes

    • Pathogens can transmit through five major routes: contact, droplet, airborne, common vehicle, and vectorborne.
    • Colonization occurs when microorganisms are present in a host; infection results from damage to cells or tissue.

    Vulnerable Patient Populations

    • Patients with leukemia, cancer, severe burns, or undergoing immunosuppressive therapy are at high risk for infections.
    • Neutropenia refers to a low number of neutrophils, increasing infection susceptibility.

    Immunization and Standard Precautions

    • Respiratory care practitioners should be immunized against hepatitis B through three vaccine doses, followed by a titer test.
    • Standard Precautions mandate treating all individuals as if they have an infectious disease, necessitating proper protective equipment decisions.

    Airborne Precautions

    • Isolation patients' rooms must have closed doors to minimize airborne transmission.
    • Caregivers should wear N95 respirators or HEPA masks for additional respiratory protection.

    Droplet and Vehicle Transmission

    • Droplet transmission can occur through coughing, sneezing, or talking, particularly during medical procedures.
    • Vehicle transmission involves contaminated instruments, water, or food, emphasizing the importance of recognizing infection risks in respiratory care.

    Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

    • Gloves are essential when handling blood, body fluids, and contaminated items; proper disposal and hand washing between patients are critical.
    • Masks, eye protection, and gowns should be used when risk of exposure to splashes or sprays is present.

    Needle and Sharps Safety

    • Never recap needles to prevent injury; use puncture-proof disposal containers for sharps.

    Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms (MDRO)

    • MDROs, including MRSA and VRE, have developed resistance to various antibiotics, posing significant risks, particularly in healthcare settings.
    • MRSA is more difficult to treat but not inherently more dangerous to the general population compared to sensitive strains.

    Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

    • C. diff is linked to severe diarrhea and colitis, with high risk among elderly and immunocompromised individuals due to long-lasting spores in the environment.

    Equipment Handling Procedures

    • Effective procedures for equipment maintenance and processing help prevent pathogen spread, especially concerning respiratory care equipment.
    • Large-volume nebulizers are notable contamination sources, necessitating careful fluid use and handling.

    Sterilization Techniques

    • Pressure Steam Sterilization is a preferred method for sterilizing heat-stable items that penetrate the skin, requiring specific temperatures and times for effectiveness.

    Infection Control Principles

    • Hand-washing is critical for preventing microorganism transmission.
    • The 20-second scrub is standard in hospitals for various situations, while a three-minute scrub is required upon entry or exit from a facility.
    • Pathogens can be transmitted through five main routes: contact, droplet, airborne, common vehicle, and vectorborne.
    • Colonization refers to the presence of microorganisms in a host; infection occurs when damage results from them.

    Immunocompromised and Vulnerable Patients

    • Patients with leukemia, cancer, severe burns, or immunosuppressive therapies are at heightened risk for infections.
    • Neutropenia indicates reduced neutrophil levels, complicating infection risks.
    • Protective isolation has been deemed less effective than rigorous hand-washing for preventing infections.

    Viral and Bacterial Infections

    • Hepatitis B immunization is essential for respiratory care practitioners due to their exposure risk.
    • Treat all patients as potentially infectious to establish a preventive habit.
    • Patients needing airborne isolation should have closed doors and special ventilation systems to limit spread.

    Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (TB)

    • TB is a slow-growing bacterium transmitted via airborne particles as small as 1-5 microns.
    • A HEPA mask is essential for caregivers entering a TB-infected patient's space.
    • Limit patient transport for TB-infected individuals; masks should be used during transport.

    Droplet and Contact Transmission

    • Droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking can transmit infections.
    • Precautions include hand hygiene to prevent the spread of MRSA and VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus).
    • MRSA is more challenging to treat but similarly virulent as methicillin-sensitive S. aureus.

    Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

    • C. diff causes severe gastrointestinal issues, primarily affecting the elderly and those with specific health issues.
    • Transmission can occur through contaminated surfaces and healthcare provider hands.

    Acinetobacter and ESBL

    • Acinetobacter typically affects individuals with weakened immune systems but poses little risk to healthy individuals.
    • Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) is an enzyme in certain bacteria that provides antibiotic resistance.
    • Common bacteria producing ESBL include Escherichia coli and Klebsiella.

    Cleaning, Disinfection, and Sterilization

    • Cleaning is the first step in processing medical equipment to ensure effective subsequent decontamination.
    • Disinfection reduces harmful microorganisms, while sterilization kills all forms of microbial life.
    • High-level disinfectants like glutaraldehyde are used for specific applications but have safety concerns.

    Disinfectant Selection and Usage

    • Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is effective for cleaning and disinfection; recommended dilution varies for different usages, such as blood spills.
    • Various methods exist for sterilization, including heat, chemical methods, and autoclaving, with autoclaving being efficient and reliable.

    General Guidelines for Infection Control

    • Infection spread requires a source of pathogens, a susceptible host, and a transmission route.
    • The main sources of pathogens in hospitals are people and contaminated objects.
    • Proper use and disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE) are essential for maintaining infection control.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Infection Control principles as outlined in Hess, Chapter 31. This quiz focuses on key statements and facts that are vital for understanding infection control in various settings. Challenge yourself and see how much you know!

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