Imperialism, Nationalism and Industrial Revolution

• Imperialism is the policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
• Raw materials are the basic materials from which manufactured goods are made.
• Manufactured goods are items that have been processed from raw materials.
• Colonies are territories controlled by a foreign power.
• The Age of Exploration was a period from the 15th to 17th century when Europeans explored and mapped the world.
• Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
• Markets are places where goods and services are exchanged.
• The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s.
• Nationalism is identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
• Social Darwinism is the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

Key Technologies

• The Maxim Machine Gun was the first self-powered machine gun.
• Steamships are ships powered by steam engines.
• Quinine is a drug used to treat malaria.

Scramble for Africa

• The Scramble for Africa was the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.
• The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) regulated European colonization and trade in Africa.
• Boers were Dutch settlers in South Africa.
• The Boer Wars were fought between the British Empire and the Boers in South Africa.
• The 1913 Natives Land Act was South African legislation that restricted black Africans from owning land.

Causes of Imperialism

• The Industrial Revolution created a demand for raw materials and new markets.
• Nationalism created a desire for countries to expand their power and influence.
• Social Darwinism was used to justify the domination of weaker nations by stronger ones.
• Christianity motivated missionaries to spread their religion and culture.
• New innovations such as the Maxim machine gun, steamships, and quinine made it easier for Europeans to conquer and control foreign territories.

Impacts of Imperialism

• Political impacts included the establishment of colonial governments and the redrawing of political boundaries.
• Social impacts included the spread of Western culture and the disruption of traditional social structures.
• Economic impacts included the exploitation of resources and the creation of new markets.