Immunology: Innate Immunity and Defense

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between innate and acquired immunity?

  • Innate immunity involves antibody production, while acquired immunity does not.
  • Innate immunity is a rapid, non-specific response, while acquired immunity is a slower, specific response. (correct)
  • Innate immunity is mediated by T cells, while acquired immunity is mediated by B cells.
  • Innate immunity requires prior exposure to an antigen, while acquired immunity does not.

What is the role of lymphoid tissue in the immune system?

  • To serve as a site for immune cell development, interaction, and initiation of immune responses. (correct)
  • To secrete hormones that regulate immune function.
  • To produce red blood cells.
  • To filter blood and remove waste products.

Which of the following is NOT considered a natural barrier functioning as a first line of defense?

  • Saliva
  • Skin
  • Tears
  • Antibodies (correct)

How do neutrophils contribute to the immune response at the cellular level?

<p>By phagocytizing pathogens and releasing antimicrobial substances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of interleukins in the inflammatory response?

<p>To regulate communication and interaction between immune cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major function of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-$\alpha$)?

<p>Inducing apoptosis and promoting inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the clotting system?

<p>The intrinsic pathway is activated by factors within the blood, while the extrinsic pathway is activated by factors released by damaged tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kinin system primarily impacts the body by:

<p>Regulating blood pressure and contributing to inflammation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic change observed in the early inflammatory response?

<p>Increased vascular permeability leading to edema. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of B cells in adaptive immunity?

<p>Producing antibodies that target specific antigens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CD4+ T cells in the adaptive immune response?

<p>Assisting in B cell antibody production and activating cytotoxic T cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?

<p>Macrophage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation?

<p>Type I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the brain is primarily responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, such as decision-making and planning?

<p>Frontal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

<p>To protect the brain from harmful substances and pathogens in the blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of events that defines an action potential?

<p>Resting potential, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in a synapse?

<p>To carry chemical signals across the synaptic cleft to propagate nerve impulses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system's post-ganglionic neurons?

<p>Norepinephrine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of astrocytes in the nervous system?

<p>To provide structural support, regulate the chemical environment, and contribute to the blood-brain barrier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is classified as inhibitory and plays a key role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system?

<p>GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

<p>Ionotropic receptors directly alter ion flow, while metabotropic receptors use second messengers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pain fiber is characterized by slow transmission and is associated with dull, aching pain?

<p>C fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pain pathways, what does 'afferent' refer to?

<p>Signals that transmit from the periphery to the spinal cord and brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is most directly involved in pain modulation?

<p>Substance P (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a generalized and a partial seizure?

<p>Generalized seizures affect the entire brain, while partial seizures begin in a specific area of the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is most closely associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease?

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinson's disease, leading to motor symptoms?

<p>Substantia nigra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathological feature associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

<p>Demyelination of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is predominantly affected in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

<p>Glutamate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between an embolic and a hemorrhagic stroke?

<p>Embolic strokes involve a blocked blood vessel, while hemorrhagic strokes involve a ruptured blood vessel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a diffuse axonal injury (DAI) commonly associated with in the context of traumatic brain injury?

<p>Widespread damage to axons throughout the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dysfunction is most closely associated with Myasthenia Gravis?

<p>Antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to which part of the brain is most often associated with Guillain-Barr Syndrome?

<p>Guillain-Barr Syndrome most often affects the peripheral nervous system rather than the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general function of endocrine organs?

<p>Synthesis and secretion of hormones to regulate various body functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do water-soluble hormones typically signal a cellular response?

<p>By binding to cell surface receptors and activating second messenger systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcitonin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland?

<p>To decrease blood calcium levels by promoting calcium deposition in bones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood?

<p>Increases calcium levels while decreasing phosphorus levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla in response to stress?

<p>Epinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between primary and secondary endocrine dysfunction?

<p>Primary dysfunction involves the target gland, while secondary dysfunction involves the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary differences between Grave's Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis?

<p>Grave's disease is an autoimmune disease causing hyperthyroidism, while Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease causing hypothyroidism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary?

<p>Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary characteristics of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)?

<p>Deficiency of ADH or insensitivity of the kidneys to ADH, leading to excessive water loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Cushing's disease?

<p>Excessive cortisol production by the adrenal cortex due to a pituitary adenoma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Type 1 Diabetes from Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease causing destruction of pancreatic beta cells, while Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Innate Immunity

Immunity present from birth, providing immediate defense against pathogens.

Acquired/Humoral Immunity

Immunity developed over time through exposure to antigens, creating a specific response.

Natural Barriers

Physical, chemical, and biological barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body.

Immune System Cells

Neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, monocyte/dendritic cells, monocyte/macrophage, and natural killer cells.

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Inflammation

Bodily process of redness, swelling, heat, and pain in response to injury or infection.

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Interleukins

Proteins that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory responses.

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Interferons

Proteins that interfere with viral replication and modulate the immune response.

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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and stimulates the acute phase reaction.

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Complement System

Series of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.

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Clotting System

Complex process resulting in the formation of a blood clot.

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Kinin System

Blood protein system that plays a role in inflammation, blood pressure control, coagulation, and pain.

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Leukocyte

White blood cell that ingests and digests bacteria, fungi, viruses, and debris.

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B Cells (Antibodies)

Lymphocytes that produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

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T Cells

Lymphocytes that directly kill infected cells, activate other immune cells, and regulate immune response.

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Hypersensitivity Disorders

Immune reactions that cause tissue damage or disease

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Type I Hypersensitivity

Rapid, allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies.

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Type II Hypersensitivity

Antibody-mediated cytotoxic reactions.

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Type III Hypersensitivity

Immune complex-mediated reactions.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity

Cell-mediated reactions involving T cells.

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Seizure Disorders

Loss of brain function caused by disturbances in the brain.

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Alzheimer's Disease

Progressive neurodegenerative disease, causes memory loss and cognitive decline.

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Huntington Disease

Inherited neurodegenerative disease, causes uncontrolled movements, emotional problems, and cognitive decline.

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Parkinson's Disease

Progressive neurological disorder, affects movement, tremors, rigidity, and postural instability.

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Multiple Sclerosis

Autoimmune disease, damages the myelin sheaths, nerve damage causing various symptoms.

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Progressive neurodegenerative disease, affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causes muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory failure.

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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, causes brain damage and neurological deficits.

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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Brain injury caused by external force or trauma.

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Myasthenia Gravis

Autoimmune disorder causes muscle weakness, affects voluntary muscles, especially those controlling the eyes, face, swallowing, and breathing.

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Guillain-Barré Syndrome

Rare autoimmune disorder, damages the peripheral nerves causes, resulting in muscle weakness and paralysis.

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Endocrine System

Endocrine organs secrete hormones that regulate processes, such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

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Negative Feedback Loop

States that in response to an increase in the level of a hormone, the body initiates mechanisms to reduce the hormone levels.

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Pituitary Hormones

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary for water balance and uterine contractions. Hormones the anterior pituitary releases, regulate growth, metabolism, and reproduciton.

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Thyroid

Produces hormones that regulate body functions, including metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.

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Parathyroid

Releases hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood.

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Pancreas

Releases hormones, regulate blood sugar levels and aid in digestion.

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Adrenal Gland

Releases hormones that respond to stress, regulate metabolism, and maintain electrolyte balance.

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Primary Dysfunction

Occurs when a target gland itself isn't functioning properly.

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Secondary Dysfunction

Occurs when another gland stimulates the target is the one that's not functioning propery.

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Grave's Disease

An autoimmune disease where the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too much thyroxine (hyperthyroidism).

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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

An autoimmune disease where the thyroid gland becomes inflamed and underactive (hypothyroidism).

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Study Notes

  • Study notes based on the provided text are as follows:

Immunity

  • Innate immunity differs from acquired/humoral immunity
  • Understand where immune cells originate
  • Grasp the roles and functions of lymphoid tissues
  • Review immunological definitions and terminologies

Innate Immunity: Lines of Defense

  • Natural barriers and their cellular processes are key defenses
  • Skin, chemical barriers, sweat, tears, saliva, and earwax act as natural barriers
  • Immune cells such as Neutrophils, Mast Cells, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes/dendritic cells, Monocytes/macrophages, and Natural Killer Cells support the immune system at the cellular level

Inflammation: Cellular Mediators

  • Cellular mediators play a significant role
  • Interleukins such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β have major functions
  • Interferons like INF-α, INF-β, and INF-γ play crucial roles
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) is an important mediator

Protein Systems

  • Understand the complement system and basic information about its three pathways
  • Know the end results of the complement system
  • Clotting System: Understand the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
  • Measurement methods for clotting pathways
  • Kinin System impacts cells and the body
  • Inflammatory Response: Study Concept Map
  • Be aware of causes and early inflammatory response results
  • Note the three characteristic changes
  • Identify cellular and chemical components
  • Understand the role and process of leukocytes

Adaptive Immunity

  • B Cells: Function in producing antibodies
  • Differentiate between antibody types: IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD
  • Understand how antibodies function
  • T Cells: Understand their roles
  • Know where B and T-Cells form and mature
  • Understand roles of CD4, CD8, Suppressor T cells, MHC, and Helper T-Cells
  • Know examples of antigen-presenting cells

Hypersensitivity Disorders

  • Focus on Type I, II, III, and IV Hypersensitivity Reactions
  • Understand etiology, major cells/antibodies involved, complement activation, and examples
  • Type II: understand general processes

Neurological: Basic Structure and Function

  • Brain: Know the parts, their structure, and function
  • Understand the Blood Brain Barrier and involved cells
  • Know the structure of the skull
  • Understand Cerebral Edema

Action Potentials and Synapses

  • Review action potentials and synapse anatomy
  • Review neurotransmitter function in synapses

Autonomic Nervous System

  • Sympathetic vs parasympathetic pathways
  • Understand pre- and post-ganglia neurotransmitters

Cells of the Nervous System

  • Neurons, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal, Oligodendrocytes: Know their roles, structure, and function

Types of Neurotransmitters/Receptors

  • Classification as excitatory or inhibitory
  • Know examples of Dopamine, Acetylcholine, GABA, and Glutamate
  • Understand differences between inotropic (Nicotinic) and metabotropic (Muscarinic) receptors
  • Examples and roles of receptors in bodily function
  • Alpha and Beta Adrenergic receptors, and their roles

Pain

  • Different types of pain and how they present
  • Differences between A-delta, C-Fibers, and A-Beta Fibers
  • Understand myelination, speed, size, and type of pain transmitted
  • Afferent vs Efferent
  • Four-step process: pain signaling, response, organs involved, modulation
  • Pain neurotransmitter roles
  • Glutamate, Substance P, opioid peptides in pain

Neurological Disorders

  • Seizure Disorders: general process at the cellular level
  • Difference between generalized and partial seizures
  • Alzheimer's Disease: disease process, neurotransmitters, classic presentation, treatments
  • Huntington Disease: impact on brain, neurotransmitters, presentation, treatments
  • Parkinson's Disease: impacted areas, neurotransmitters, presentation, treatments
  • Multiple Sclerosis: impacted brain areas/cells, neurotransmitters, presentation, treatments
  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: impacted areas/cells, neurotransmitters, presentation, treatments
  • CVA/Stroke: differentiate embolic from hemorrhagic
  • Process, areas, and risk factors for strokes
  • Ischemic injury cellular process
  • Traumatic Brain Injury: types and locations
  • Focal vs diffuse injuries
  • DAI symptoms
  • Myasthenia Gravis: impacted areas/cells, neurotransmitters, presentation, treatments
  • Guillain-Barré Syndrome: impacted areas/cells, neurotransmitters, presentation, treatments

Endocrine: Concepts

  • Know general structure and function of endocrine organs
  • Upregulation and downregulation of hormones
  • Hormone Communication & Signaling
  • Difference between water-soluble and fat-soluble hormones
  • Cellular response mechanism & entry
  • Role of a second messenger
  • Steroid Hormone Function/Transport
  • Definitions and applications for positive and negative feedback loops

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Endocrine System

  • Hormones from posterior and anterior pituitary
  • Regulation

Thyroid

  • Cell types, hormones produced, roles, and regulation
  • Role of calcitonin

Parathyroid

  • Cell types, hormones, regulation and roles
  • Impact on Calcium and Phosphorous & bone health
  • Etiology of hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia

Pancreas

  • Cell types, hormones produced, roles, and regulation

Adrenal Gland

  • Adrenal Medulla vs Cortex: cell types and hormones produced, regulation, and role

Endocrine Dysfunction

  • Primary vs secondary dysfunction
  • Relative vs absolute dysfunction

Hypo/Hyper Thyroid

  • Disease process, lab values, classic presentation, treatments, hormones
  • Grave's Disease vs Hashimoto's Thyroiditis differences
  • Myxedema/Myxedema Coma

Pituitary

  • SIADH
  • DI: etiology, disease process, lab values, classic presentation, hormones

Adrenal Gland

  • Cushing's Disease: disease process, lab values, classic presentation, hormones
  • Addison's Disease: primary vs secondary

Diabetes

  • Differentiate between type I and type II
  • Disease process, lab values, classic presentation, hormones
  • Pathophysiologic process: Diabetic Microangiopathy
  • Role of impact of Insulin
  • Insulin Sensitive Glucose Transporters- tyrosine kinase, GLUT

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