Expressionism and Surrealism Art Guide, Spring 2025

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Questions and Answers

How did the artists of Die Brücke use woodcut techniques to express the angst and alienation of modern urban life?

They employed rough, angular lines and bold, contrasting colors to convey raw emotion and a sense of unease.

Explain how the concept of 'primitivism' influenced the development of Expressionism and name one artist who engaged with it.

It encouraged artists to seek inspiration from non-Western and pre-Renaissance art, valuing directness and emotional expression. Picasso was influenced by primitivism.

How did the ideas of Georg Simmel, concerning urban life, relate to the artistic themes explored by the Expressionist artists of Die Brücke, particularly in their cityscapes?

Simmel's theories about the alienation and psychological impact of urban life resonated with Die Brücke's depictions of the city as a chaotic and isolating environment.

What role did manifestos play in the development of Futurism, and what were the key themes commonly addressed in these manifestos?

<p>They were crucial in defining and promoting Futurism's ideals, typically glorifying technology, speed, violence, and a rejection of the past.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the concept of 'simultanism' was applied in the paintings co-created by Blaise Cendrars and Sonia Delaunay, such as The Prose of the Trans-Siberian.

<p>Simultanism involved layering colors and abstract shapes to create a sense of movement and capture the experience of modern life, which was reflected in the use of colours and forms paired with fragmented text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kasimir Malevich's Black Square challenge traditional notions of art, and what were his aims in creating Suprematism?

<p>It challenged art by reducing it to its most basic geometric form. His aim was to reach a 'pure' artistic expression, transcending representation through simple geometric forms and limited colors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Salon d'Automne and the Salon des Indépendants in the development and promotion of early 20th-century avant-garde art movements?

<p>They provided venues for artists to exhibit works rejected by the official Salon, fostering experimentation. This allowed new artistic movements to gain exposure and challenge traditional art establishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the Dreyfus Affair indirectly influenced the development of Fauvism. What atmosphere did it create?

<p>The Affair polarized French society and contributed to an atmosphere of questioning established norms, including artistic conventions. This questioning encouraged artists to break from tradition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did artists associated with Der Blaue Reiter use color to convey spiritual or emotional meaning in their artwork?

<p>They assigned symbolic values to colors, using them to evoke emotions, express inner states, and suggest spiritual concepts, moving away from the purely descriptive use of color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship the Ballets Russes had with avant-garde art movements.

<p>The Ballets Russes collaborated with avant-garde artists and composers, resulting in groundbreaking productions that integrated innovative visual design, music, and choreography. This pushed the boundaries of artistic expression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Expressionism

An early 20th-century artistic movement that emphasized subjective experience and emotional expression over objective depiction.

Die Brücke

A German expressionist artist group formed in Dresden in 1905, key in developing the movement's style.

Primitivism

Artistic movement characterized by the simplification of forms and an embrace of non-Western art, drawing inspiration from tribal objects.

Der Blaue Reiter

A German expressionist group that explored spirituality in art, named after Wassily Kandinsky's painting. Prominent members included Kandinsky and Franz Marc.

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Futurism

An early 20th-century avant-garde movement that originated in Italy which emphasized speed, technology, and the dynamism of modern life.

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Manifesto

An artistic and literary declaration that outlines the principles, intentions, and views of a movement or artist.

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Cubo-Futurism

An early 20th-century art movement that sought to represent the totality of objects in time and space by merging cubist and futurist elements.

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Suprematism

An art movement founded by Kazimir Malevich in Russia c. 1913, characterized by simple geometric shapes and pure colors.

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Salon d'Automne

An annual art exhibition held in Paris that showcased new and experimental works.

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Fauvism

A style of painting with vivid expressionistic and non-naturalistic use of color that flourished in Paris from 1905, briefly led by Henri Matisse

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Study Notes

  • Study guide for European Art: Expressionism to Surrealism, Spring 2025 midterm.

Artworks

  • Karl Schmidt-Rotluff created Three Nudes in 1913.
  • Erich Heckel's Atelier Scene was created in 1910-11.
  • Ernst Ludwig Kirchner painted Dancer with Necklace in 1910.
  • Kirchner's Bathers at Moritzburg dates to 1909.
  • Kirchner's Street, Berlin was created in 1913.
  • Kirchner designed the Poster for Brücke exhibition, Galerie Arnold (Dresden) in 1910.
  • Wassily Kandinsky created Composition V in 1911.
  • Kandinsky's Colorful Life dates to 1907.
  • Marianne Werefkin painted Red Tree in 1910.
  • Kandinsky designed the Cover for Der Blaue Reiter in 1911.
  • Gabriele Münter's Still Life with Saint George was created in 1911.
  • Franz Marc painted Blue Horses in 1911.
  • Henri Matisse painted Blue Nude (Souvenir of Biskra) in 1907.
  • André Derain's Lighthouse at Collioure was created in 1905.
  • Derain's Port of Collioure (The White Horse) dates to 1905.
  • Matisse's Luxe, Calme et Volupté was created in 1904-05.
  • Matisse's Bonheur de Vivre dates to 1906.
  • Maurice Vlaminck painted Bathers in 1908.
  • Constantin Brancusi sculpted Newborn I in 1920.
  • Amedeo Modigliani's Head of a Woman was created in 1910-11.
  • Sonia Delaunay painted Yellow Nude in 1908.
  • Delaunay's Young Finnish Girl dates to 1907.
  • Amedeo Modigliani sculpted The Jewess in 1908.
  • Marc Chagall painted I and the Village in 1911.
  • Constantin Brancusi created Newborn I in 1920.
  • Brancusi's The First Step, created in 1913-14, is now destroyed.
  • Brancusi sculpted The First Cry in 1917.
  • Brancusi's The Child in the World: Mobile Group dates to ca. 1917.
  • Chana Orloff's Two Jews, created in 1912, is destroyed.
  • Pablo Picasso painted Demoiselles d'Avignon in 1907.
  • Picasso's Au Lapin Agile was created in 1904-05.
  • Picasso painted Gertrude Stein in 1906.
  • Georges Braque's Houses at L'Estaque dates to 1908.
  • Braque's Violin and Palette was created in 1909.
  • Picasso's Woman with Mandolin (Fanny Tellier) dates to 1910.
  • Braque's The Portuguese was created in 1911.
  • Henri Le Fauconnier's Abundance was created in 1910-11.
  • Albert Gleizes' The Bathers dates to 1912.
  • Francis Picabia painted Udnie in 1913.
  • Frantisek Kupka's Disks of Newton dates to 1912.
  • Robert Delaunay's Simultaneous Windows was created in 1912.
  • Robert Delaunay's The Cardiff Team dates to 1913.
  • Blaise Cendrars and Sonia Delaunay collaborated on The Prose of the Trans-Siberian and of Little Jehanne of France in 1913.
  • Sonia Delaunay painted Electric Prisms in 1914.
  • Sonia Delaunay's Bal Bullier was created in 1913.
  • Umberto Boccioni painted Simultaneous Visions in 1911.
  • Carlo Carrà's Nighttime in the Piazza Beccaria was created in 1910.
  • Boccioni's Riot in the Galleria dates to 1910.
  • Carrà's Funeral of the Anarchist Galli dates to 1910-11.
  • Boccioni's States of Mind: Those Who Go was created in 1911.
  • Boccioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space dates to 1913.
  • Kasimir Malevich painted Black Square (originally titled Quadrilateral) in 1915.
  • Mikhail Larionov's Gypsy of Tiraspol was created in 1909.
  • Larionov's Katsap Venus dates to 1912.
  • Malevich's The Knife Grinder: Principle of Scintillation was created in 1912.
  • Malevich's Suprematist Painting. Aeroplane in Flight dates to 1915.

Terms

  • Anti-Modernism: Rejection of modern values and styles.
  • Modernism: A philosophical and artistic movement.
  • Alfred Barr: An important figure in promoting modern art.
  • Berlin Conference: Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa.
  • Expressionism: An artistic style that distorts reality to convey inner emotions.
  • Die Brücke: A group of German expressionist artists.
  • Georg Simmel: A German sociologist and philosopher.
  • Woodcut: A relief printing technique in art.
  • Primitivism: The borrowing of subjects or forms usually from non-Western or prehistoric peoples by Western artists.
  • Der Blaue Reiter: A group of German expressionist artists.
  • Theosophy: A philosophical system concerned with intuitive knowledge of spiritual realities.
  • Hinterglasbilder: Reverse painting on glass.
  • Der Sturm: A German art and literary magazine that covered Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism and Dada.
  • Fauvism: Characterized by strong, wild colors and bold brushstrokes.
  • Salon d'Automne: An annual art exhibition held in Paris.
  • La Ruche: A collective of artists living and working in Montmartre, Paris.
  • Dreyfus Affair: A political scandal that divided France.
  • Ballets Russes: A ballet company based in Paris that performed between 1909 and 1929 in many cities around Europe and Northern and South America.
  • Gallery Cubism: Early phase of cubism.
  • Salon Cubism: Cubism exhibited at the Salon d'Automne and Salon des Indépendants
  • Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler: A German art collector and one of the most important French art dealers of the 20th century.
  • Salon des Indépendants: An annual art exhibition in Paris.
  • Orphism: An early abstract art movement.
  • Simultanism: A modern art movement.
  • Futurism: An Italian avant-garde movement celebrating technology and speed.
  • F.T. Marinetti: The founder of Futurism.
  • Manifesto: A public declaration of policies or views.
  • Neo-Primitivism: An influence of primitive art forms.
  • Cubo-Futurism: A visual arts movement that synthesizes the forms of Cubism with the motion of Futurism.
  • Suprematism: A Russian abstract art movement focused on geometric forms.

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