Ethics, Morality and Bioethics

Ethics, Morality, and Bioethics

• Ethics originates from the Greek word "ethos," contrasting with "pathos."
• "Pathos" refers to inherent traits like genetics and social status, received passively.
• "Ethos" relates to freedom and morality, entailing two meanings.
• Ethos with eta (n): pertains to a moral, not psychological, character.
• It is the stable configuration a person CHOOSES for their life via free options and elections.
• Ethos with epsilon: relates to habits/customs, the concrete acts in which a person realizes life projects.
• MORALITY: Custom is like character or way of life involving concrete normative codes valid in human communities.
• These are patterns accepted by people/groups without systematic critique.
• Examples: Christian and Islamic moral codes.
• ETHICS: A philosophical discipline rationally studying human conduct in moral life.
• It views human conduct from a standpoint of duties and virtues.
• It represents rational knowledge derived from critical and systematic reflection on moral life.
• MORALITY: A phenomenon in human communities.
• Morality is based on socially favored, accepted, and praised behaviors/ways of life.
• It is also based on rejected behaviors, therefore universal moral experience must be acknowledged.
• Analogy exists between morality and the phenomenon of language
• Human beings possess an innate capacity for language translated into different languages.
• Human beings have the capacity to act morally.
• Moral structure is what humans "ought" to do.
• Moral structure is universally based on concretized norms, codes, and systems.
• There are 3 types of knowledge related to moral structure.
• Descriptive ethics is knowledge about moral facts approached from positive science.

Types of Ethics

• Descriptive ethics can vary based on the description/explanation of the moral phenomenon (psychological, sociological, biological).
• Durkheim is used as an example.
• Normative ethics are systematic collections of moral norms.
• Ethical/code systems dictate how moral agents should act.
• Frequently, codes have a fundamental norm expressing the system's moral nucleus.
• Philosophical ethics is rational reflection on the assumptions/foundations of moral norm systems.
• Philosophical ethics deal with the philosophical foundation of normative ethics.
• Philosophical ethics is about the coherence of the normative systems.
• Philosophical ethics involves criteria that define a valid moral system.

Elements of Human Moral Condition

• Imperfection of Instinct: Humans are born more defenseless and dependent than other beings.
• Survival relies on learning, socialization, and acquiring behavioral norms.
• Humans' lack of instinctive behavioral regulation necessitates developing behavioral codes.
• These codes are taught to enable social coexistence.
• Without society, people cannot survive with human specificity.
• Rationality: Humans compensate for the lack of instinct with rational intelligence.
• Humans decide finishes and ideal methods.
• Humans can change habits and adapt, turning the environment into "their world."
• Humans can say NO.
• Humans choose HOW to live, and they choose themselves via modifications.
• Intelligence enables creating morality codes as per historical context.
• Autonomy: Choosing ends and means allows humans to see consequences.
• Humans make decisions based on preference, forming the core of moral life.
• Autonomy is the ability to choose a life project and select the means.
• Autonomy is conditioned, yet NOT determined.
• Not choosing is still a choice.
• Responsibility: With choice comes awareness of actions.
• Being responsible involves explaining one's actions/inactions.
• Humans are responsible to their conscience and to others.
• Communal Nature of Humans: Morality is about actions impacting others' lives.
• Humans are constitutively social/political, therefore, solidarity.
• Humans share a single evolutionary process/species, inhabit one planet, and co-participate in a single history.
• Human Vulnerability: Hobbes noted the link between vulnerability and morality.
• Hobbes said moral virtues are praiseworthy due people avoid inconveniences/calamities via virtuousness.
• Morality is about behaviors impacting the vulnerable who require community protection to survive/prosper.

Moral and Legal

• Reciprocal relationship with morality predating and postdating legality.
• Regulation of moral beings' actions would lack meaning without them; morality exists before.
• Morality creates a field of purely moral obligation; morality exists after.
• Classical Natural Law Tradition supports natural justice aligning with reason demands.
• Thomas Aquinas defines law as a mandate of reason, for the common good, broadcast by community leadership.
• The law should not be arbitrary, its broadcaster must be a recognized authority.
• Law cannot contradict natural justice, or it's invalid, and compliance isn't mandatory in conscience.
• Modern "Naturalist" Tradition (Grotius & Locke) has rights are natural because they belong to humans.
• Locke states the natural human rights are life, liberty, property, and physical integrity.
• These stem from moral core predating the state and laws, therefore moral order is prioritized above legal.
• The moral is prioritized over the legal.
• Liberal Tradition posits individual liberty as supreme value.
• Society only coerces via law to curb the individual's freedom only when their actions harm others.
• It recognizes legal and moral order contrast; law interfering with individual freedom unjustly is invalidated.
• Law violating fundamental morality demands is invalidated.

Ethics and Bioethics

• Word Origin: Potter in Winsconsin and Hellegers in Washington are pioneers of bioethics.
• Potter first coined/used the term, Hellegers founded the first academic bioethics institute.
• The Legacy of Potter, conceived bioethics as a new discipline connecting biological knowledge.
• This connection combines biological knowledge with knowledge of human values.
• It must rise above dualism to transmit new wisdom about using knowledge for human survival.
• Potter’s Legacy is above all ECOLOGICAL.
• Bioethics is a new field of biomedical research.
• Hellegers' legacy constitutes a new field of ordinary ethics applied to biomedicine.

Key Differences Between Potter and Hellegers.

• More attention to biomedical issues (doctor-patient relations, ethics of experimentation, abortion, end-of-life).
• The issues had political urgency in the 70s-80s, unlike Potter's approach.
• Adopted Western philosophical tradition's theoretical/methodological heritage.
• Language of study was more traditional/familiar.
• The bioethical line became a powerful social movement academically/governmentally/media-wise.
• Hellegers had institutional/financial support absent for Potter (the Kennedy foundation).
• Washington based located in political debate center/American science establishment.

Cultural Context:

• Consider two cultural currents: biomedical scientific-technological progress and social transformations changing society.
• The first bioethicists focused on the micro-level ethical concerns (protecting human subjects in research, patient rights).
• Bioethics addresses macro issues (social justice/health policies) increasingly.
• Bioethics addresses more and more issues in health policies.
• A parallel emerges between rights struggles and intense critiques of authority/institutions.
• It is fundamental to comprehend critique of medical authority in public abuse cases to understand bioethics birth.
• Nazi horrors and eugenics laws involved forced sterilization of the mentally ill, schizophrenics, etc.
• Some examples of Nazi horrors include those with hereditary defects, euthanasia for children under 3, etc.
• The program identified quick methods to kill using the results in extermination systems.
• Public exposure of abuses in Nuremberg led to refining regulations to protect human subjects.
• Precise protections were added in biomedical experimentation in the Nuremberg Code (1947).
• Further declarations in Helsinki (1964) and Tokyo (1975) of the World Medical Association were added.
• The Helsinki Declaration recommended independent research panels evaluating projects.
• Several morally condemnable scientific investigations were publicized in the USA from the 70s onwards.
• The Tuskegee Study investigated untreated latent syphilis, starting in 1932.
• The study involved ~400 black men infected/200 syphilis-free control.
• Subjects were misled and untreated after penicillin's advent.
• The NY Willowbrook Virus study injected hepatitis virus into mentally impaired children.
• Doctors intended to study hepatitis' natural history and develop vaccine
• The doctors deliberately infected cohorts of newly admitted Willowbrook kids with procedure of consent.
• Justification was most children became infected at the institution, so deliberately infecting them would be a benign infection.
• In NY, cancerous cells were injected into elderly patients at Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn.
• The study aimed to determine if cancerous rejection arose from the cancer/organism debilitation.
• Public awareness of violations created the first ethics committee in history of Bioethics.
• The National Research Act authorized creation of research-oversight commissions.

Defining Bioethics

• Bioethics definition consists of "the systematic study of the moral dimensions, including moral vision".
• Broader ethical dimensions also include bioethics decisions, behaviors, and policies in the sciences of life.
• The definition also includes care of health, using a diverse array of ethical methodologies in an interdisciplinary context.
• "'of life and health sciences'" wants escape narrow scope as a biological understanding of individuals.
• La bioethics supports biopsychosocialspiritual comprehension of a person.
• Bioethics addresses dilemmas considering individuals and all people.
• “bios” in Bioethics means life biographically, includes freedom in existence.
• "bios" in Bioethics encompasses medicine and multidisciplinary socially-oriented health (public, nursing, social work, medicine).
• Bioethics’ interdisciplinary nature is based on complexity.
• No expert has all formation/information; it involves basic scientists, clinicians, jurists, social scientists, and moralists .
• The “variety of ethical methodologies” characterizes Bioethics.
• Bioethics doesn’t recognize itself in a single ethical theory, instead encompassing multiple theories, paradigms, and analyses.
• There is coexistence of theories/paradigms.

Bioethics as Discipline?

• Its varied approaches raise doubt about it qualifying as true discipline.
• Criticism comes from rigid discipline concepts however, academic disciplines have multiple theories.
• Bioethics considered academic discipline is in consolidation is based on content/methods.
• Everything must be scrutinized.
• Bioethics shouldn't separate from roots that gives solidity it builds on those.
• Access bioethics through established disciplines with philosophy, demanding communication.

Human Rights

• Human rights are inherent, inalienable rights of every human being.
• These rights are externalized as faculties rooted in dignity, developed with context.
• Inherent: Emanate from each person intimately that if this is segmented the human ceases being subject/object.
• An inherent part of the constitution.
• Indivisible: By their internal structure, they do not admit any fractioning, since if such a division were practiced, the rights would lose all meaning and the result would vanish their essence.
• Inalienable: One of the most representative qualities of human rights as they are those in power of goods which cannot be despoiled, left without effect, repealed, abolished, or annulled by the legal system.
• Universal: By virtue of the common dignity possessed by all people, human rights are extensive to each and every member of human race without any distinction of the individual features that may characterize an individual.
• Human rights are NOT state creations but are recognized / validated.
• These define the concepts within definition.
• Concept PERON: Law says persons exist as a legal subject, a holder of rights to establish legal rules.
• Someone is considered a person is capacity to develop powers (porta dignidad).
• Volition gives people capacity to understand things.
• Intellection gives people capacity to understand.

Two Dimensions of a Person

• Ontological Dimension: Attributes value for people that relate to individual.
• Legal Dimension: Consists of ability realize and live by Law for oneself.
• The article implies the person is holder who distributes something as just/right.

Articles in a Person Subject Obligations

• See: Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• The obligation is 16 of International Political rights also.
• Articles must be followed.
• Concept of abilities: The rights are prerogatives that pertain to person allowing them state or local power.
• Recognized concepts are fundamental rights (of life) thought and speaking.
• There are also rights to form of Gov.
• There should be respected / promoted, if they are promoted under law.
• Historical social aspect: The rights support historical needs.
• These rights have achieved negotiation/ fights.

Intrinsic Dignity

• Dignity makes humans deserve respectful.
• Derived 2 types of principles with each of us.
• inviolablity forbids sacrifice someone for benefit of others.
• Autonomy recognizes someone’s independence of their choice.
• Everyone matters.
• The states should not enter relationship.

Exercise and Limits of Human Rights

• Exercising rights develops when they use the capabilities of personal freedom.
• Freedoms are negative as one's right to act according to one's own reason in the law.

• Immunities are the freedoms for avoiding actions of abuse.

• There should be no limits to a reasonable leader.

Acts and Potestades

• The person needs human action.
• Acts of reason: The essence is being with reason.
• Acts of freedom: With freedom for the self in different ways.
• Autonomy is obligating the right to speak under articles in constitution.
• The Argentinian Constitution expects the freedom for state for expression thought under Art 17.
• Participation includes the freedom for participation.
• Credit is given from outside the state or help each other.

Limits of Human Rights

• The limits should come from freedoms also society can go.
• Intrinsic refer to limits that we have among selves.
• Extrinsic are limitations with other freedom.
• Own other people. Rights function.

Historical Evolution Human Rights

• First Gen. rights human revolution established like freedom.
• Was most rights and polices like freedom.
• There are protected things.
• They also have innate rights as person for living freely and without radical control/power others.
• Equality right that can led to economic developments.
• There has been incorporation, this means for those working there.
• In 14th-15th c to the creation, that will the development of working environments.
• Throughout XIX, the evolved State social rights came.
• Help everyone’s protection and labor.
• In the State must help even without anyone for help when there are limited rights for a person.
• They help with the social and work rights together.
• The right is for workers there is salary work rights.
• There is also education culture.
• The Third of generational human rights is the solidarity under necessary searching level.
• Also stimulates the ecology and the people.
• Also rights to the environment.

Fourth Generations

• Rights generated in scientific developments or computers.
• Bounded for the right of thought and sharing.
• The technology considers a human and can support spreading to world under the law.
• Internet passes a communication.
• It is a technological industrial.

Guaranteed Human Protection Rights

• Right to make compromise to people different.
• Systems of international rights protect people from local and regional problems.
• A Universal helps protect of systems international.
• International law help for the right to speak under groups.
• It also protects and recognitions.

Conventions

• Conventions may be special.
• Extravagent and some power for Nations.
• Also procedures violations.
• System conventions accepts forms: resource Justice, periods inform.

International antecedents

• The first tribunal in Nuremberg where someone was accused.
• The Tokyo ones are equal.
• They also have military judges.

Dicotomies Ethics (Barbieri Julian’s Analysis)

• Are ethics and morals same or is there difference?
• Answers from Etymological or academic view.
• In term it is like the translating term similar.

Term Academically

• This makes the ethics different from others.
• Ethics is foundation and is based on how you be.

ETHOS

• Ethos academic shows sides that one is possible better general and more.
• 3 structures a refer in 3 ways.
• The lo normative the lo value.
• People what must do to the right.

The Right Thing

• In ethical law based on normal of the things must do.
• The ethic problem suppose thing must see to the value for examples political.
• Morals and ethicity are that one.
• People what understand thing how find or find in ethicity for living that.
• The philosophical system. The system part in parts logic and spiritual power.
• This to people will.
• You also will power of person under subject.
• The subjective thing power individual what.
• The objective for freedo.
• Freedom needs to be a subject from subject.

Morality and Ethics

• Power what one makes the person, should have that in a state of things from others rights is to take from self.
• The limited power, the power of obligation should be the one person there.
• A subject that makes and also gives knowledge.
• Subjetivity under conscious for other that has rights.
• With the categorical what type freedom that shows.
• The rights says if it can.
• Someone should be the products in society.
• The existent should give all and all rigidity.
• The ethical should been a existence to a system a contradiction for the situation morals.
• Make a understanding from a one relation together if is base is one power each other.
• One will be power of 2 sides.
• Ethics is well someone.
• The objective freedom change on everything.
• The eticidad change laws customs life family so that in sovereignty.

Individualism and Law

• Make integrate a ethics.
• This allow recognize what does just.
• There is a communitary thing for help the rational.
• People that helps the other.
• Independence with a person.
• An understanding that help a universal to all.

Right To Person

• Can Never treat someone from thing, if not someone.
• Protect everyone and help save others.
• With a world for freedom for all.
• A moral that help a humanity.
• Underlined will make one understanding that want people will act.
• A world of ethics are the triumph ethics.
• The way dominate is not what matter the autonomy is about one. Those that make the freedom also break freedom of others. The logical does not make sense. The logical situation means someone should listen and not ignore others. They should act and can improve each other with ethics. The expressions philosophy what is used in language to investigate. Understanding what is object. The meanings psychology only are things with language. The person can conclude things and is determined when someone can talk.

Understand Semantics.

• The play will be some understand that rules what will.
• The sense will not.
• As a result most semantics is no hegemony.
• Everything shows to one also the meaning will.
• Make sign a dialoguing what not surmount cultures.
• This is a negating.

What is Bioethics Subject?

• Etics is legit now under the current time.
• Ethics is a evident ethics now.
• This what to do make the attention.
• World incidents happen for the minors rights for what to show.
• This make all things.

Complexities of Ethics

• Need treatment and have 4 distinction.
• Has a continued.
• Is interdisciplinary.
• Has a orientations social.
• Manifest a dialog that show practice in the world.
• This show ethics.
• This show good in things.
• Concept show up in 1971 of some that look to one.
• They all show the relate issues in life. Contemporary looks in to features of vulnerabilities.
• With the special one with the fragile make the nature.
• Make a action each.

Human nature relations

Se considers that the disease how one form make vulnerable.

• Reflexing show make criticism now in the way that other one listen or say.
• Ricoeur talks many for a independence what shows what make it.
• A power that help a vulnerable. The power from that can.

Ideas to Help the Vulnerability.

• Help know from the part so that one know the things or say.
• Sontag can make show things about the word sick.
• A thing that separate you from a thing inside a you may.
• Don’t know a thing it shows good or it don't.
• The condition show not what the health.
• Want student to study presentation to reach types.
• Looks make the study as right.
• Point one to the difference the things and thing say it.
• The subject in more that one can change.
• Not a man the things here.
• The negative things makes not good.
• Bonilla put that form the moral the thing in someone.
• Is a issue what happens now it called is for someone.
• Authors make some ethics for the one time others:Jonas and Levin.
• Other said, the show the look for ones name.
• With the study show to one that all is there.
• Another said with change call one one to a thing.
• If the way is know how what happen and say.
• Make sure what all do that all make.
• Gilligan said they show make one to know to each and help them.
• With the character.

Autonomy Individual

• Always make what we one to make with each the person you what for.
• At end with think a new way of what to say.
• There is autonomy said well that everyone gets to know the thing in what we what to.
• This is a active.
• An etic make that will one make change social that.
• We should not to tell to someone there things.
• The ethical are like the people.

Ethical Theories

• Theory words what one show.
• One word shows something in Greek.
• Means what everyone show so can.
• Make show in the self.
• Make you separate and see a term.

3 Ways for See Etics

• Descripting, descriptions that norms from society.
• Metaetics is making the meanings for things morals that is.
• Good ethics that morals what why.