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Questions and Answers
What is the common name for Onchocerca spp. in horses?
What is the common name for Onchocerca spp. in horses?
Which of the following parasites is known to cause conjunctivitis in horses?
Which of the following parasites is known to cause conjunctivitis in horses?
Which insect acts as a vector for Thelazia lacrymalis?
Which insect acts as a vector for Thelazia lacrymalis?
What characteristic of Parascaris equorum eggs aids their survival in the environment?
What characteristic of Parascaris equorum eggs aids their survival in the environment?
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What challenge is commonly faced when diagnosing a tapeworm infection through fecal flotation?
What challenge is commonly faced when diagnosing a tapeworm infection through fecal flotation?
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Which of the following is NOT an intermediate host for Sarcocystis neurona?
Which of the following is NOT an intermediate host for Sarcocystis neurona?
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What is a recommended practice for pasture management to minimize equine endoparasite resistance?
What is a recommended practice for pasture management to minimize equine endoparasite resistance?
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Which parasite's larvae can be found in conjunctiva and skin of horses?
Which parasite's larvae can be found in conjunctiva and skin of horses?
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What is the purpose of conducting fecal egg counts (FEC)?
What is the purpose of conducting fecal egg counts (FEC)?
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How is Anoplocephala spp. primarily transmitted to horses?
How is Anoplocephala spp. primarily transmitted to horses?
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What advantage does hypobiosis provide to endoparasites like Cyathostomes?
What advantage does hypobiosis provide to endoparasites like Cyathostomes?
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Which internal parasite is primarily responsible for lung infections in donkeys and foals?
Which internal parasite is primarily responsible for lung infections in donkeys and foals?
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What is the common name for Strongyloides westeri and how is it transmitted to foals?
What is the common name for Strongyloides westeri and how is it transmitted to foals?
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What physical signs indicate that a horse's severe pruritus may be due to parasites?
What physical signs indicate that a horse's severe pruritus may be due to parasites?
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Which of the following parasites is classified as a cestode?
Which of the following parasites is classified as a cestode?
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Which strongyle is recognized as the most pathogenic in horses, and where does it cause significant damage?
Which strongyle is recognized as the most pathogenic in horses, and where does it cause significant damage?
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Can pinworms be found in the feces of horses, and if so, how?
Can pinworms be found in the feces of horses, and if so, how?
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What diagnostic method is preferred for identifying lungworm infection in donkeys, and why?
What diagnostic method is preferred for identifying lungworm infection in donkeys, and why?
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What type of lesions can summer sores, caused by a specific parasite, create in horses?
What type of lesions can summer sores, caused by a specific parasite, create in horses?
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What is the typical size of Oxyuris equi, the pinworm in horses?
What is the typical size of Oxyuris equi, the pinworm in horses?
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What is hypobiosis in the context of parasites?
What is hypobiosis in the context of parasites?
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Which internal parasite is primarily responsible for causing infections in the lungs of donkeys?
Which internal parasite is primarily responsible for causing infections in the lungs of donkeys?
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How can foals acquire Strongyloides westeri?
How can foals acquire Strongyloides westeri?
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What method is suggested for confirming pruritus is due to parasites in horses?
What method is suggested for confirming pruritus is due to parasites in horses?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the bloodworms or red worms?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the bloodworms or red worms?
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What diagnostic method is effective for identifying lungworm infection in donkeys?
What diagnostic method is effective for identifying lungworm infection in donkeys?
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What parasite is responsible for summer sores in horses?
What parasite is responsible for summer sores in horses?
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What clinical effects can result from Onchocerca spp. infections?
What clinical effects can result from Onchocerca spp. infections?
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How large are female pinworms, Oxyuris equi, in horses?
How large are female pinworms, Oxyuris equi, in horses?
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What is the role of the housefly in the lifecycle of Habronema spp.?
What is the role of the housefly in the lifecycle of Habronema spp.?
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What is the scientific name of the tapeworm affecting horses?
What is the scientific name of the tapeworm affecting horses?
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Which of the following is the definitive host for Sarcocystis neurona?
Which of the following is the definitive host for Sarcocystis neurona?
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What is a major challenge in diagnosing tapeworm infections in horses?
What is a major challenge in diagnosing tapeworm infections in horses?
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Which parasite is responsible for producing large eggs that survive well in the environment?
Which parasite is responsible for producing large eggs that survive well in the environment?
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What is the intermediate host for Anoplocephala spp.?
What is the intermediate host for Anoplocephala spp.?
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Which of the following is a common name for Thelazia lacrymalis?
Which of the following is a common name for Thelazia lacrymalis?
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What environmental practice helps minimize resistance to equine endoparasites?
What environmental practice helps minimize resistance to equine endoparasites?
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Which of these parasites is NOT classified as a protozoan?
Which of these parasites is NOT classified as a protozoan?
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Which intermediate host is known for the transmission of Thelazia lacrymalis?
Which intermediate host is known for the transmission of Thelazia lacrymalis?
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Which of the following practices helps in pasture management for equine health?
Which of the following practices helps in pasture management for equine health?
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Study Notes
Endoparasites of Horses: Study Notes
- HyPobiosis: A state of dormancy allowing parasites to survive harsh conditions. This allows them to synchronize their life cycle with host availability.
Cyathostomes (Small Strongyles)
- Phylum: Nematoda
- Survival strategies include hypobiosis.
Lungworm Infection (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi)
- Primarily affects donkeys and foals, rarely adult horses.
- Causes patent infections in the lungs.
Strongyloides westeri
- Transmissible via colostrum or milk to foals.
- Common name: Intestinal threadworm (of horses).
Tailhead Pruritus Diagnosis
- Suspect Parasites: Examine feces using fecal flotation and skin scrapings for parasite eggs.
- Methods:
- Rubbing behavior against objects.
- Use Scotch tape to collect material from the anus.
- Gentle scraping of perianal skin.
Parasite Classification:
- Cestode: Anoplocephala magna
- Protozoan: Eimeria leuckarti
Strongylus vulgaris
- Most Pathogenic Strongyle: Strongylus vulgaris
- Severe Damage: Causes verminous arteritis in the cranial mesenteric artery. Larval migration can last for months.
Pinworms (Oxyuris equi)
- Presence in Feces: Possible, but not always reliable. Eggs or adult worms might be present.
- Size: Female: up to 15 cm; Male: less than 1 cm.
- Location: Colon, cecum, rectum.
Lungworm Diagnosis (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi)
- Diagnosis Method: Baermann technique—a method to extract larvae from fecal material.
Summer Sores (Habronema spp. & Draschia spp.)
- Cause: Habronema spp. and Draschia spp.
- Location: Stomach (adults); conjunctiva, skin, wounds (larvae)
- Vector: House/stable flies.
- Clinical Signs: Delayed wound healing, gastritis (adults), conjunctivitis.
Nuchal Ligament Lesions
- Cause: Onchocerca spp. or O. cervicalis: a skin nodular worm
- Vector: Culicoides (biting midges).
Eye Worm (Thelazia lacrymalis)
- Scientific name: Thelazia lacrymalis.
- Vector: Face fly (Musca autumnalis).
Anoplocephala spp. Intermediate Host
- Intermediate Host: Forage (orbatid) mites (a type of mite.)
Tapeworm Diagnosis Challenges
- Fecal Flotation Difficulty: Sporadic egg output and potential egg clumping can make diagnosis problematic.
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
- Implicated Parasite: Sarcocystis neurona
- Definitive Host: Opossum.
- Intermediate Hosts: Diverse animals (cats, dogs, skunks, etc).
Protozoan Parasite
- Not a Protozoan: Habronema spp.
Parascaris equorum
- Egg Characteristics: Large, round-to-oval eggs with a sticky surface. Allows them to survive for extended periods in the environment.
Fecal Egg Counts (FEC)
-
Purpose: Assess parasite levels in a horse:
- Estimate infection severity.
- Evaluate treatment effectiveness.
- Guide deworming programs.
Reducing Environmental Contamination (Equine Endoparasites):
-
Pasture Management Techniques:
- Remove manure regularly.
- Control horse density (e.g., one horse per 2 acres of pasture).
- Rotate pastures.
- Use cleanest pastures for young animals.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of endoparasites affecting horses, including crucial survival strategies like hypobiosis and various species such as Cyathostomes and Strongyloides westeri. This quiz covers diagnosis methods for parasite-related issues and includes information on classification of parasites. Perfect for veterinary students and equine health enthusiasts.
