Histo H&N

What are the two main compartments comprising the inner ear?

Which of the following accurately describes the bony labyrinth?

What fluid is the bony labyrinth filled with?

What is the composition of perilymph?

Which fluid is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

Which of the following characteristics best describes the endolymph?

Where is endolymph produced?

How does endolymph drain from the membranous labyrinth?

What structures are contained within the vestibular labyrinth?

Which of the following is a component of the cochlear labyrinth?

What is the sensory epithelium of the utricle and saccule?

What is the sensory structure within the ampullae of the semicircular ducts?

What type of movement do the maculae of the utricle and saccule detect?

What is the function of the crista ampullaris?

What is the gelatinous structure that overlies the hair cells of the crista ampullaris?

What are the crystals located on the otolithic membrane called?

Which of the following best describes the location and orientation of the macula of the utricle when a person is standing?

What is the primary function of the organ of Corti?

Which of the following is a specialized perilymphatic space surrounding the cochlear duct?

What is the name of the membrane that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media?

Which of the following best describes the basilar membrane's characteristics?

Where does the sound cause vibrations in high-frequency sounds?

What best describes the effect of otoconia displacement caused by tilting the head?

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of Meniere's disease?

Which condition involves otoconia detaching from the macula of the utricle and lodging in one of the cristae ampullaris?

What type of hearing loss is typically age-related and characterized by impairment in perceiving high-frequency sounds?

In the context of inner ear hair cells, what role does the 'top link' play in mechanoelectrical transduction (MET)?

A patient presents with sensorineural hearing loss specifically affecting high-frequency sounds after prolonged exposure to an aminoglycoside antibiotic. What is the most likely mechanism of this drug-induced ototoxicity?

The development of the inner ear involves the formation of the otic vesicle. At what point during gestation does the otic vesicle initially form in humans?

A researcher is studying the genetic basis of inherited hearing loss and identifies a novel mutation affecting the production or structural integrity of fimbrin and espin within hair cells, what direct consequence of this mutation would most likely lead to auditory dysfunction?

In type I hair cells, which feature is MOST responsible for enabling the long-lasting and high-volume impulse transmission?

If you could selectively block the flow of fluid to only one of the anatomical features listed below, in the inner ear, and wanted to induce the most pronounced and immediate effect on hearing without significantly impacting balance, which would you choose?

Which of the following accurately lists the three primary layers forming the wall of the eyeball, from outermost to innermost?

Which of these is the anterior-most structure of the corneoscleral coat, responsible for the majority of light refraction in the eye?

Between which two structures is the aqueous humor found?

What structure is suspended from the ciliary body via the zonule of Zinn?

What is the primary function of the non-keratinized stratified squamous corneal epithelium?

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Bowman's membrane in the cornea?

Which component constitutes approximately 90% of the corneal thickness?

If a researcher is examining a sample of corneal tissue and observes a layer composed of an unusually thick basal lamina produced by the endothelium, which layer is being observed?

What is the primary reason for corneal transparency?

Which anatomical feature marks the corneoscleral junction and contains stem cells essential for maintaining the corneal epithelium?

What structure, located in the iridocorneal angle, facilitates the outflow of aqueous humor?

An increase in intraocular pressure due to excessive secretion or impedance of aqueous humor drainage can cause which condition?

In a patient with glaucoma, atrophy and loss of function primarily affects which specific cells?

During what week of gestation do blood vessels first appear in the choroid layer of the developing eye?

Which layer of the choroid is a capillary network with fenestrated endothelium?

Which type of cell is NOT typically found in the ciliary body?

Contraction of the ciliary muscle leads to which specific action to facilitate accommodation for near vision?

Which layer of epithelium in the ciliary body borders the posterior chamber and forms a blood-aqueous barrier through tight junctions?

Dilation of the pupil is controlled by what structure in the iris?

From which embryonic layer does the pigment epithelium of the iris originate?

What type of non-cellular material primarily constitutes the lens capsule?

Which characteristic is associated with primary lens fibers?

What transparent, jelly-like substance occupies the space between the posterior surface of the lens and the neural retina?

Which of the following components is NOT a primary constituent of the vitreous body?

Which embryonic layer gives rise to the retinal pigment epithelium?

What can occur due to the intraretinal space, the original cavity of the optic cup separating?

Which of the following cell types are found within the inner nuclear layer of the retina?

Rhodopsin is the visual pigment found in which type of retinal cell?

Where does the peak number of cones occur in the retina?

What is the name of outer segments of the cones in the center of the fovea?

What is a key function of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE)?

What is the most common cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55?

Why does the optic disc create a blind spot in the visual field?

A novel drug is designed to selectively target and inhibit the function of melanocytes within the eye. If administered, which structure would be LEAST affected?

A patient presents with a history of progressive vision loss. Upon examination, an ophthalmologist notes the presence of drusen between the retinal pigmented epithelium and Bruch's membrane. Which of the following conditions is MOST likely?

The function of Muller's muscle, which is included as part of which structure?

Which of the following is MOST critical for maintaining the structural integrity and shape of the eyeball even under conditions of rapid eye movement or external pressure?

Imagine that researchers discover a novel protein, 'oculin,' that selectively binds to and stabilizes the orthogonal arrangement of collagen fibrils within the corneal stroma. Which of the following outcomes would MOST logically follow from increased ocuin expression in the corneal stroma?

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the eyeball?

The cornea is part of the tunica vasculosa.

The ______ is the thickest component of the cornea.

Which of the following is NOT a layer of the cornea?

Corneal abrasions can be detected using fluorescein dye.

What is the function of the Canal of Schlemm?

Which eye condition is associated with elevated intraocular pressure.

Presbyopia results from increased lens capability to accommodate for near vision.

Lens fibers are derived from epithelial cells that produce what type of proteins?

What type of vision is affected by cataracts?

Cataracts affect the function of the iris.

The absence of photoreceptor cells accounts for the ______ in the visual field.

What is the primary content of the fovea centralis?

The macula lutea is responsible for peripheral vision.

A patient presents with blurred vision and difficulty reading faces, and reports reduced central vision. Which of the following conditions is most likely?

What type of vision is affected by age-related macular degeneration?

The ______ is a structure in the inner ear that is part of the bony labyrinth.

Which structure is NOT part of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?

The bony labyrinth is located inside the membranous labyrinth

Which of the following is a possible cause of Meniere's disease?

What type of sensation is caused by Meniere's disease?

The maculae of the saccule and utricle detect sound.

Which cells in the inner ear detect movements of the head?

What are hair cells in the inner ear?

Crista ampullaris responds to linear movements of the head.

A patient presents with symptoms that worsen with coughing, sneezing, or blowing their nose. He is diagnosed with perilymphatic fistula. In which structure is perilymph normally found?

Where are high frequency sounds processed in the inner ear?

Gentamicin can cause hair cells death.

The epithelial cells within the organ of Corti are supported by which of the following structures?

The ______ is the thickest layer of the cornea.

Match the layers of the eye with their main components:

A 60-year-old patient reports blurry vision and halos around lights, particularly at night. Examination reveals no retinal abnormalities. What condition is most likely?

Lens fibers are unique in that they:

What is the visual consequence of damage to the fovea centralis?

Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Meniere's disease?

Damage to the ______ in the inner ear would primarily affect one's ability to perceive angular acceleration.

A patient presents with a perilymphatic fistula following a head trauma. Where does the leakage of perilymph typically occur, leading to symptoms?

The helicotrema is located at the base of the cochlea and processes extremely high frequencies.

A researcher is studying the effects of ototoxic drugs on the inner ear. Which of the following structures would be most relevant to examine for potential damage caused by Gentamicin?

What is the functional significance of the outer hair cells' motility, and what protein mediates this?

Which layer of the eye contains the cornea and sclera?

The choroid, ciliary body, and iris are parts of the tunica fibrosa.

What is the thickest component of the cornea?

What pathological process is likely occurring in a patient who presents with eye pain and blurry vision, and upon tonometry, is found to have elevated intraocular eye pressure?

What is the primary cause of presbyopia, a condition associated with aging?

Cataracts, common in the elderly, are related to opacities that affect what structure?

A 50-year-old diabetic patient on corticosteroids reports clouded vision, seeing halos around lights, and night vision issues. Examination of the retina is normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?

The site where the axons converge to form the optic nerve is called the:

Which area of the retina contains only cones and is responsible for the highest visual acuity and color vision?

A 68-year-old patient reports blurred vision, difficulty reading and recognizing faces, and reduced central vision. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Meniere's disease is a condition of the inner ear characterized by vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus. Which is a possible cause?

What is the name of the gelatinous structure that is located within the cupula of the crista ampullaris that is displaced by endolymph during head movements?

The maculae of the saccule and utricle, found in the inner ear, are sensors of gravity and linear acceleration.

Which cells in the inner ear are specifically involved in detecting movements of the head?

The ______ contains the sensory epithelium for balance.

In the auditory system, high frequency sounds vibrate the cochlear hair cells in the ______ of the basilar membrane.

The epithelial cells of the organ of Corti are supported by what structure?

A high concentration of rods is responsible for high visual acuity and color vision.

In which of the following is perilymph normally found?

Which antibiotic can cause irreversible toxic damage to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss?

What is the function of the canal of Schlemm, located near the iridocorneal angle in the eye?

The ______ is a blood vessel-free zone that lays in the center of the macula.

Damage to what structure in the inner ear would abolish hearing in a patient?