Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of nucleic acids in living cells?
What is the primary function of nucleic acids in living cells?
- Transferring information and producing enzymes (correct)
- Providing structural support to the cell
- Transporting molecules across cell membranes
- Catalyzing metabolic reactions
During binary fission, a parent cell divides into three daughter cells.
During binary fission, a parent cell divides into three daughter cells.
False (B)
How many chromosomes do human daughter cells receive after cell division?
How many chromosomes do human daughter cells receive after cell division?
46
A chromosome is a DNA molecule with its associated proteins called ______.
A chromosome is a DNA molecule with its associated proteins called ______.
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
What enzyme creates a short RNA primer before DNA Polymerase can bind?
What enzyme creates a short RNA primer before DNA Polymerase can bind?
DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to the 5' carbon of the existing strand.
DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to the 5' carbon of the existing strand.
In which direction does DNA Polymerase grow the new strand?
In which direction does DNA Polymerase grow the new strand?
The strand that replicates continuously is called the _______ strand.
The strand that replicates continuously is called the _______ strand.
Which of the following best describes the replication of the lagging strand?
Which of the following best describes the replication of the lagging strand?
What are the short fragments of DNA formed on the lagging strand called?
What are the short fragments of DNA formed on the lagging strand called?
The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together is called DNA ________.
The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together is called DNA ________.
Match the enzyme with its function in DNA replication:
Match the enzyme with its function in DNA replication:
What type of bonds hold the double helix of DNA together?
What type of bonds hold the double helix of DNA together?
During DNA replication, both original strands of DNA are completely replaced with new strands.
During DNA replication, both original strands of DNA are completely replaced with new strands.
What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
The enzyme __________ adds free deoxyribonucleotides to the 3' end of the growing DNA strand.
The enzyme __________ adds free deoxyribonucleotides to the 3' end of the growing DNA strand.
What does ‘A’ pair with during DNA replication?
What does ‘A’ pair with during DNA replication?
DNA replication is a conservative process where the original DNA molecule is completely conserved, and a new DNA molecule is made.
DNA replication is a conservative process where the original DNA molecule is completely conserved, and a new DNA molecule is made.
What is the name of the site where the new DNA strand is formed during replication?
What is the name of the site where the new DNA strand is formed during replication?
Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP) help to __________ DNA strands during replication.
Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP) help to __________ DNA strands during replication.
Match the following enzymes with their functions in DNA replication:
Match the following enzymes with their functions in DNA replication:
Which of the following does NOT act as raw material for DNA replication?
Which of the following does NOT act as raw material for DNA replication?
Flashcards
Binary Fission
Binary Fission
The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
The genetic material found in all living organisms that carries the blueprint for life.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
Structures within the cell that contain DNA and are responsible for carrying genetic information.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
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Semiconservative Replication
Semiconservative Replication
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RNA Primer
RNA Primer
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Primase
Primase
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DNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase
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Leading Strand
Leading Strand
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Lagging Strand
Lagging Strand
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Okazaki Fragments
Okazaki Fragments
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DNA Ligase
DNA Ligase
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Helicase
Helicase
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Replication Fork
Replication Fork
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Single Strand Binding Protein (SSBP)
Single Strand Binding Protein (SSBP)
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Topoisomerase
Topoisomerase
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Deoxyribose Nucleotide
Deoxyribose Nucleotide
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5' to 3' Directionality
5' to 3' Directionality
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Study Notes
DNA Replication Overview
- DNA replication is a coordinated effort of many enzymes.
- It's a semiconservative process, creating two identical double-stranded DNA molecules from one original molecule.
- Each new double helix contains one original and one newly synthesized strand.
- DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides only to the 3' end of the strand.
- Strands are antiparallel; one replicates continuously, the other discontinuously (Okazaki fragments).
- RNA primers initiate the action of DNA polymerase.
Requirements for Replication
- Template: Existing chromosomes
- Raw materials: Deoxyribose nucleotides in the nucleus
- Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
- Energy: Nucleotides with 3 phosphate groups (dATP, dGTP, dTTP, dCTP)
Cell Division
- Single cells replicate via binary fission, dividing into two "daughter" cells.
- Each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell's DNA.
- Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
- Chromosomes double to 92 before cell division.
DNA Replication - Unwinding
- Hydrogen bonds between bases are broken to unwind the DNA double helix.
- Helicase is the enzyme responsible for this unwinding process.
- Helicase moves directionally along the DNA molecule.
- Single Strand Binding Proteins (SSBPs) hold the separated strands apart.
- Topoisomerase releases tension caused by unwinding.
- A replication fork is created where new strands are made.
DNA Replication - Strand Formation
- Free deoxyribose nucleotides bind to complementary bases (A with T, C with G) via hydrogen bonding.
- DNA Polymerase catalyzes the bonding of new nucleotides to the existing strand.
- DNA polymerase only adds to the 3′ end of a strand.
- DNA strands grow antiparallel.
- DNA polymerase moves directionally in opposite directions on the strands.
DNA Replication - Priming
- Primase (RNA Polymerase) creates a short RNA primer.
- RNA primers provide a starting point for DNA polymerase.
- Complementary base pairing adds to the 3' carbon of the primer.
DNA Replication - Lagging Strand
- Lagging strand replication is discontinuous, forming Okazaki fragments.
- Numerous RNA primers are involved in this strand synthesis.
- DNA Polymerase removes RNA primers.
- DNA Ligase joins Okazaki fragments together.
DNA Replication - Problem
- Strands are antiparallel, replication proceeds in opposite directions.
- One strand (leading) replicates continuously, the other (lagging) discontinuously.
Summary
- Replication requires the coordinated effort of many enzymes.
- DNA is replicated in a semiconservative manner, with each new DNA molecule containing one old and one new strand.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts of DNA replication, including the role of enzymes and the semiconservative process. Additionally, it explores the requirements for replication and the process of cell division in single-celled organisms. Test your understanding of how these fundamental biological processes work.
