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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of the salivary glands in the digestive system?
What is the primary role of the salivary glands in the digestive system?
Which digestive process occurs in the large intestine?
Which digestive process occurs in the large intestine?
What transformation occurs to the bolus in the stomach?
What transformation occurs to the bolus in the stomach?
Which organ is NOT considered an accessory organ in the digestive system?
Which organ is NOT considered an accessory organ in the digestive system?
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In which part of the digestive system does secretion predominantly occur?
In which part of the digestive system does secretion predominantly occur?
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What is the function of peristalsis in the digestive system?
What is the function of peristalsis in the digestive system?
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Which of the following processes involves physically breaking down food?
Which of the following processes involves physically breaking down food?
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What type of bacteria primarily resides in the large intestine?
What type of bacteria primarily resides in the large intestine?
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What is the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
What is the primary function of the lower esophageal sphincter?
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What is produced by chief cells in the stomach?
What is produced by chief cells in the stomach?
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During the absorptive phase, the liver converts glucose into which of the following?
During the absorptive phase, the liver converts glucose into which of the following?
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Which of the following substances is synthesized by the liver and is essential for blood clotting?
Which of the following substances is synthesized by the liver and is essential for blood clotting?
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What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver?
What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver?
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Which process occurs during the fasting phase when the body requires glucose?
Which process occurs during the fasting phase when the body requires glucose?
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How does the liver contribute to calcium homeostasis?
How does the liver contribute to calcium homeostasis?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding rugae in the stomach?
Which of the following statements is true regarding rugae in the stomach?
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What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
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Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing glucagon?
Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing glucagon?
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What contributes to the high surface area of the small intestine for efficient absorption?
What contributes to the high surface area of the small intestine for efficient absorption?
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What is the role of gut flora in the digestive system?
What is the role of gut flora in the digestive system?
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Which digestive enzyme is produced by the salivary glands?
Which digestive enzyme is produced by the salivary glands?
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What is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the human digestive system?
What is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the human digestive system?
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Which phase of digestion occurs at the sight or smell of food?
Which phase of digestion occurs at the sight or smell of food?
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In which part of the small intestine does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?
In which part of the small intestine does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?
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What is the primary function of the large intestine?
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
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What condition is characterized by stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus?
What condition is characterized by stomach acid flowing back into the esophagus?
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Which of the following is primarily absorbed in the large intestine?
Which of the following is primarily absorbed in the large intestine?
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Which pancreatic enzyme acts on fats in the small intestine?
Which pancreatic enzyme acts on fats in the small intestine?
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What is a key characteristic of diverticulitis?
What is a key characteristic of diverticulitis?
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Which digestive disorder is commonly associated with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori?
Which digestive disorder is commonly associated with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori?
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What initiates the gastric phase of digestion?
What initiates the gastric phase of digestion?
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Which factor does NOT influence the control mechanisms of the gastrointestinal system?
Which factor does NOT influence the control mechanisms of the gastrointestinal system?
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Study Notes
Digestive System Functions
- Physical and chemical breakdown: Decomposes ingested food into smaller components.
- Absorption of nutrients: Nutrients move into the bloodstream after digestion.
- Waste removal: Undigested waste is expelled from the body.
- Housing symbiotic bacteria: Normal flora resides mainly in the large intestine, aiding digestion.
Digestive System Organs
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Main Organs*
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Mouth
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Esophagus
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Stomach
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Small Intestine
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Large Intestine
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Anus
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Accessory Organs*
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Salivary Glands
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Liver
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Gallbladder
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Pancreas
Digestive Processes
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1. Ingestion*
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Taking food into the mouth.
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2. Mechanical Digestion*
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Physically breaking down food into smaller pieces in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine
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3. Chemical Digestion*
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Using enzymes to break down food components in the stomach and small intestine
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4. Secretion*
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Releasing substances like water, acids, and enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract (in the small intestine).
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5. Absorption*
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Moving nutrients and water from the digestive tract into the bloodstream (in the small and large intestine).
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6. Defecation*
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Eliminating undigested waste (feces) from the large intestine and rectum.
Mouth Anatomy and Function
- Parts: Mandible, maxilla, gums (gingiva)
- Tongue: Moves food, taste receptors
- Uvula: Blocks nasal passages during swallowing
Salivary Glands
- 3 parts: Parotid, submandibular, sublingual
- Saliva composition: 95.5% water, ions, enzymes (amylase, lipase), and mucus.
- Function: Moistens food, begins starch and fat digestion, and provides a medium for taste.
Stomach
- Function: Stores and digests food, transforms bolus into chyme.
- Digestion types: Mechanical (physical breakdown) and chemical (protein digestion).
- Sphincters: Lower esophageal and pyloric sphincters regulate movement of food.
- Divisions: Cardia, fundus, pylorus
- Rugae: Allow expansion
- Digestive secretions: Goblet cells produce mucus, chief cells produce pepsinogen, parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Liver
- Second largest organ
- Main cell type: Hepatocytes - involved in nutrient storage and processing
- Kupffer cells: Kill pathogens, breakdown red blood cells
- Produces bile: aids in fat digestion
- Stores nutrients during absorptive phase (glycogen, triglycerides).
- Breaks down nutrients during fasting phase (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis).
- Other functions: Produces urea, fibrinogen, angiotensinogen, activates vitamin D.
Gallbladder
- Function: Stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine.
Pancreas
- Endocrine and exocrine functions
- Endocrine cells: Alpha islet cells produce glucagon, Beta islet cells produce insulin.
- Exocrine cells: Acini cells secrete pancreatic juice with bicarbonate ions and enzymes.
Small Intestine
- 3 Regions: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- Function: Major nutrient absorption and digestion.
- Structural Features: High surface area due to villi and microvilli (efficient absorption).
Large Intestine
- Composed of same tissue types
- Cecum: First part, contains appendix.
- Functions: Absorbs water and ions, stores waste, supports gut flora.
- Contains normal bacteria (gut flora).
Digestive Enzymes
- Salivary glands: Amylase (starch), lipase (fat).
- Stomach: Pepsin (proteins).
- Pancreas: Amylase (starch), lipase (fat), trypsin/chymotrypsin (protein), maltase, sucrase, lactase, peptidases (various).
Absorption of Nutrients
- Locations: Mouth (minimal), stomach (limited), small intestine (majority), large intestine (predominantly water).
Phases of Digestion
- Cephalic phase: Digestion stimulated by sight, smell, thought of food.
- Gastric phase: Initiated by food contact, increased acidity (HCl).
- Intestinal phase: Stimuli in the small intestine (distention, acidity, osmolarity, and nutrient contents).
Disorders of the Digestive Tract
- Foodborne and waterborne diseases: Caused by pathogens.
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- GERD: Stomach acid flows back into esophagus, causing heartburn.
- Crohn's disease: Inflammatory disease of the small intestine.
- Ulcerative colitis: Inflammatory disease of the large intestine.
- Hiatal hernia: Stomach protrudes through diaphragm.
- Diverticulitis: Small pockets of weakened bowel tissue.
- Ulcers (Helicobacter pylori): Sores in the stomach lining
- Gastritis: Stomach inflammation / Norovirus
- Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins around the anus.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential functions and organs of the digestive system, including the processes involved in digestion. Test your knowledge on digestion, absorption, and the roles of various digestive organs. It's perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy.
