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Questions and Answers
What are the positions of the d-block and f-block elements in the periodic table?
What are the positions of the d-block and f-block elements in the periodic table?
The d-block elements are located in groups 3-12, while the f-block elements are placed in a separate panel at the bottom of the periodic table.
Which elements are considered transition metals according to IUPAC?
Which elements are considered transition metals according to IUPAC?
Transition metals are defined as metals with an incomplete d subshell in their neutral atoms or ions.
Which of the following elements are considered transition metals?
Which of the following elements are considered transition metals?
Zinc is regarded as a transition metal.
Zinc is regarded as a transition metal.
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What does the f-block consist of?
What does the f-block consist of?
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What are the primary series of transition metals?
What are the primary series of transition metals?
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Which elements are included in the 4f and 5f series?
Which elements are included in the 4f and 5f series?
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Which of these is a property of transition metals?
Which of these is a property of transition metals?
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Study Notes
d- and f- Block Elements: Position and Electronic Configuration
- The d-block elements (groups 3-12) are located in the periodic table where d orbitals are progressively filled.
- The f-block elements are positioned separately at the bottom, with 4f and 5f orbitals progressively filled. These are also known as inner transition elements.
- Transition metals refer to d-block elements, while inner transition metals refer to f-block elements.
Transition Metal Series
- Four series of transition metals exist: 3d (Sc to Zn), 4d (Y to Cd), 5d (La and Hf to Hg), and 6d (Ac and Rf to Cn).
- The inner transition metals comprise two series: 4f (lanthanoids, Ce to Lu) and 5f (actinoids, Th to Lr).
Defining Transition Metals
- Originally, transition metals were defined by their transitional chemical properties between s and p-block elements.
- The IUPAC definition: Transition metals possess an incomplete d subshell in either their neutral atom or ions.
- Zinc, cadmium, and mercury (group 12) are not considered transition metals due to their full d configuration in their ground state and common oxidation states. However, they are studied alongside transition metals because they are end members of 3d, 4d, and 5d series.
Significance of d and f Orbitals
- The presence of partly filled d or f orbitals differentiates transition elements from non-transition elements. This justifies their separate study.
- The standard valence theory applicable to non-transition elements also successfully applies to transition elements.
- Many precious (silver, gold, platinum) and industrially important (iron, copper, titanium) metals belong to transition metal series.
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