Demographics: TFR, Population Pyramids & Factors

• Key components of demographics include age, reproductive status, gender percentages, socioeconomic status, and total fertility rates (TFR).

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

• TFR indicates population replacement speed.
• A TFR of 2 suggests a stable population.
• A TFR of 7 indicates overpopulation.
• A TFR of 1.5 suggests population decline.

Population Pyramids

• A broad-based pyramid shape signifies an increasing population, typical of India.
• This is associated with a high TFR (above 2).
• An upside-down pyramid signifies a decreasing population, like in Japan.
• This is associated with a low TFR (below 2).
• A rectangular population shape indicates stability, with a TFR around 2.

Factors Affecting Population Change

• Birth rate increases.
• Immigration increases.
• Emigration decreases.
• Death rate decreases.

World Population

• The world's population is approximately 7.4 billion people.

Infant Mortality Rates & Life Expectancy

• High infant mortality rates combined with low life expectancy often indicate poor healthcare and economic conditions.
• These factors are commonly seen in poorer countries with a lack of hospitals and doctors.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 1: Primitive Stage

• High birth and death rates.
• Low or decreasing population.
• Conditions of poverty and lack of healthcare prevail.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 2: Epidemiological Transition Stage

• Decreasing death rates due to advances in medicine and nutrition.
• High birth rates.
• Exponential population increase, representing the highest growth rates in the model.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 3: Economical/Industrial Stage

• Low death rates.
• Declining birth rates due to cost of raising children, higher living standards, and increased female participation in the workforce/education.
• Population stabilization, slowing down of growth.

Demographic Transition Model - Stage 4: Modern Stability/Post-Industrial

• Examples include Japan, Northern Europe, and Scandinavia.
• Birth rates lower than death rates (TFR below 2).
• Declining population.

Urban Sprawl

• This refers to unexpected, rapid urban growth.

Smart Growth

• Incorporates parks.
• Provides diverse transportation options.
• Includes open space.
• Uses parameters for planned and integrated growth.

Urbanists

• They assume higher housing and population densities.
• They provide ease of transportation.
• They allow for shorter commuting distances to activities/work.

Open Space Ecological Integration

• Planning development around key habitats and ponds.

Global Population Distribution

• The majority of the world's population lives in urban areas.
• Most global urban growth occurs in urban areas in third-world countries (underdeveloped).

Demographics Defined

• Vital statistics about people, including births, deaths, population density, distribution, size, and age structure.

Urbanization Defined

• Increasing population concentration in cities accompanied by a shift to metropolitan land use patterns.

Immigration "Push-Away" Factors

• Overpopulation.
• Economic factors.
• Politics.
• Racial or religious conflicts.
• Land tenure issues.
• Agricultural changes.

Immigration "Pull-In" Factors

• "Excitement and Vitality" in cities.
• Job opportunities.
• Housing availability.
• Entertainment options.
• Social mobility and power.
• Specialization of professions.

Land Use Planning Steps

• Conduct environmental and social inventory (geology, ecosystems, economic, health factors).
• Identify and prioritize goals.
• Develop individual and composite maps using overlays and GIS.
• Create a MASTER composite map indicating variable interactions and suitable land uses.
• Develop a MASTER PLAN with input from experts, officials, and the public.
• Implement the master plan with ongoing monitoring, updates, and revisions.