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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the fundamental principle behind adulteration of crude drugs?
What is the fundamental principle behind adulteration of crude drugs?
- Adding inert substances to increase the weight and volume of the crude drug for easier handling.
- Replacing the original drug with substances that are either free from or inferior in therapeutic value. (correct)
- Enhancing the therapeutic effect of the original drug using superior substances.
- Substituting the original drug with substances that enhance the color and aroma of the final product.
Which type of adulteration involves the intentional addition of spurious or inferior substances to a crude drug with the aim of deception?
Which type of adulteration involves the intentional addition of spurious or inferior substances to a crude drug with the aim of deception?
- Substitution
- Admixture
- Sophistication (correct)
- Deterioration
In the context of crude drug adulteration, what does 'substitution' primarily refer to?
In the context of crude drug adulteration, what does 'substitution' primarily refer to?
- The enhancement of therapeutic effects by adding synthetic chemicals to the original drug.
- The addition of small amounts of inert materials to increase the bulk of the drug.
- The replacement of the original drug with an entirely different substance, whether inferior or exhausted. (correct)
- The deterioration of the drug quality due to poor storage or handling conditions.
What characterizes 'admixture' as a form of crude drug adulteration?
What characterizes 'admixture' as a form of crude drug adulteration?
How does 'deterioration or spoilage' affect the quality of a crude drug?
How does 'deterioration or spoilage' affect the quality of a crude drug?
What is the primary purpose of adding synthetic principles to crude drugs as a form of adulteration?
What is the primary purpose of adding synthetic principles to crude drugs as a form of adulteration?
Which type of adulteration involves the incorporation of heavy or valueless materials, such as stones or metal pieces, into the crude drug?
Which type of adulteration involves the incorporation of heavy or valueless materials, such as stones or metal pieces, into the crude drug?
What does the term 'adventitious matter' refer to in the context of crude drug adulteration?
What does the term 'adventitious matter' refer to in the context of crude drug adulteration?
Which analytical technique involves the detection of filth and other foreign matter in crude drugs?
Which analytical technique involves the detection of filth and other foreign matter in crude drugs?
What morphological characteristics are primarily assessed during the gross morphology examination of crude drugs?
What morphological characteristics are primarily assessed during the gross morphology examination of crude drugs?
Which microscopic features are evaluated when powdered drugs are examined under a microscope?
Which microscopic features are evaluated when powdered drugs are examined under a microscope?
What parameters are assessed using quantitative microscopy in the analysis of crude drugs?
What parameters are assessed using quantitative microscopy in the analysis of crude drugs?
In quantitative microscopy, what does the 'stomatal index' primarily indicate?
In quantitative microscopy, what does the 'stomatal index' primarily indicate?
What does the 'palisade ratio' measure in quantitative microscopy?
What does the 'palisade ratio' measure in quantitative microscopy?
What is the significance of the 'vein-islet number' in quantitative microscopy?
What is the significance of the 'vein-islet number' in quantitative microscopy?
What is the main objective of using chemical methods in detecting adulteration of crude drugs?
What is the main objective of using chemical methods in detecting adulteration of crude drugs?
What do qualitative chemical tests primarily help identify in the analysis of crude drugs?
What do qualitative chemical tests primarily help identify in the analysis of crude drugs?
What is the primary purpose of chemical assays in the quality control of crude drugs?
What is the primary purpose of chemical assays in the quality control of crude drugs?
Which analytical techniques are classified under instrumental analysis for crude drugs?
Which analytical techniques are classified under instrumental analysis for crude drugs?
What information does solvent extractive value provide in the analysis of crude drugs?
What information does solvent extractive value provide in the analysis of crude drugs?
Which scenario exemplifies 'Substitution by inferior quality drug' in crude drug adulteration?
Which scenario exemplifies 'Substitution by inferior quality drug' in crude drug adulteration?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates 'Substitution by exhausted drug'?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates 'Substitution by exhausted drug'?
Which practice aligns with 'Substitution by a natural cheap drug'?
Which practice aligns with 'Substitution by a natural cheap drug'?
What scenario exemplifies 'Substitution by artificially manufactured drug'?
What scenario exemplifies 'Substitution by artificially manufactured drug'?
In the context of adulteration, which example best illustrates the concept of 'Sophistication (True Adulteration)'?
In the context of adulteration, which example best illustrates the concept of 'Sophistication (True Adulteration)'?
A faulty collection of senna leaves involves collecting aerial parts with the leaves. What type of adulteration is this?
A faulty collection of senna leaves involves collecting aerial parts with the leaves. What type of adulteration is this?
What type of adulteration is exemplified by moldy ergot or defatted linseed?
What type of adulteration is exemplified by moldy ergot or defatted linseed?
The addition of Citral to Lemon Oil is an example of:
The addition of Citral to Lemon Oil is an example of:
Which of the following scenarios involves the 'Addition of Worthless or Heavy Materials' as a type of adulteration?
Which of the following scenarios involves the 'Addition of Worthless or Heavy Materials' as a type of adulteration?
Which substance, when found in high amounts on Cinchona, represents the 'presence of adventitious matter'?
Which substance, when found in high amounts on Cinchona, represents the 'presence of adventitious matter'?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
What is Adulteration?
What is Adulteration?
The practice of substituting the original crude drug partially or fully with other substances that are either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties.
What is Direct Adulteration?
What is Direct Adulteration?
Adulteration that occurs intentionally or deliberately.
What is Indirect Adulteration?
What is Indirect Adulteration?
Adulteration that occurs unintentionally or undeliberately.
What is Sophistication?
What is Sophistication?
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What is Substitution?
What is Substitution?
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Substitution by inferior quality drug?
Substitution by inferior quality drug?
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Substitution by exhausted drug?
Substitution by exhausted drug?
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Substitution by natural cheap drug?
Substitution by natural cheap drug?
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Substitution by artificially manufactured drug?
Substitution by artificially manufactured drug?
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What is Admixture?
What is Admixture?
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What is Deterioration or spoilage?
What is Deterioration or spoilage?
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Addition of synthetic principles?
Addition of synthetic principles?
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Addition of worthless/heavy materials?
Addition of worthless/heavy materials?
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Presence of adventitious matter?
Presence of adventitious matter?
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Macroscopic examination (Detection of Filth)?
Macroscopic examination (Detection of Filth)?
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Gross Morphology examination?
Gross Morphology examination?
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Microscopical examination?
Microscopical examination?
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Quantitative microscopy?
Quantitative microscopy?
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What is Stomatal index?
What is Stomatal index?
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What is Palisade ratio?
What is Palisade ratio?
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What is Vein-islet number?
What is Vein-islet number?
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What are Chemical methods?
What are Chemical methods?
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What are Qualitative chemical tests?
What are Qualitative chemical tests?
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What is Chemical assay?
What is Chemical assay?
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What is Instrumental analysis?
What is Instrumental analysis?
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What is Solvent extractive value?
What is Solvent extractive value?
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
- Adulteration is the practice of substituting an original crude drug, either partially or fully, with other substances.
- These substances are either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical properties.
- Adulteration occurs in two ways: Direct (intentional or deliberate) and Indirect (unintentional or undeliberate).
Types of Adulteration
- Sophistication (True Adulteration) involves the deliberate addition of spurious or inferior substances to defraud.
- Substitution involves adding an entirely different substance instead of the required one.
- Admixture refers to the addition of one article to another through accident, ignorance, or carelessness.
- Deterioration or spoilage involves the impairment of a drug's quality through abstraction or destruction of a valuable constituent, often via microbial, fungi, or insect infestation.
- Addition of synthetic principles is the use of synthetic chemicals to enhance the natural character.
- Addition of worthless or heavy materials involves adding substances like stone or metal.
- Presence of adventitious matter is when naturally present matter with the drug exceeds accepted limits.
Sophistication (True Adulteration)
- It is the deliberate addition of spurious or inferior substances with intent to defraud.
- For example, adulteration of ginger can occur by adding wheat flour, capsicum to restore pungency, and curcuma to maintain color.
Substitution Types
- Inferior quality drug substitution arises when the substitute morphologically resembles the original but lacks chemical or therapeutic potential.
- Exhausted drug substitution means plant material already extracted is mixed in which has no active medicinal components.
- Natural cheap drug substitution involves using a superficially similar material without therapeutic or chemical components.
- Artificially manufactured drug substitution involves using artificial substances in place of the original drug.
Substitution Examples
- Cassia senna is sometimes adulterated using Arabian and dog senna.
- Drugs containing volatile oils, such as fennel and coriander fruits, and Zingiber officinale roots, are examples of exhausted drug substitution.
- Scopolia leaves being used instead of belladonna is an example of substitution by a natural cheap drug..
- Examples of Substitution by artificially manufactured drugs, artificial sugar for honey.
Admixture
- The addition of one article to another due to accident, ignorance, or carelessness.
- Faulty collection during the wrong time or maturity stage leads to collecting other plant parts with the leaves.
Deterioration or Spoilage
- Impairment of a drug's quality occurs due to abstraction or destruction of valuable constituents.
- This can result from microbial, fungi, or insect infestation, rendering the drug unfit for consumption.
- It can also occur from bad treatment or extraction of constituents.
- Examples of deterioration are mouldy ergot and defatted linseed.
Addition of Synthetic Principles
- The use of synthetic chemicals to enhance the natural character of a substance.
- An example is the addition of citral to lemon oil.
Addition of Worthless or Heavy Materials
- Involves adding worthless or heavy materials such as stone or metal to a substance.
- For example, a large mass of stone can be mixed with Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root), or lead metal can be mixed with pieces of Papaver somniferum (opium).
Presence of Adventitious Matter
- Refers to the presence of naturally occurring substances with a drug that exceeds accepted limits.
- For example, epiphytes like mosses, liverworts, and lichens may be present in unusual amounts on barks like Cinchona.
Detection of Adulterants
- Macroscopic examination involves detection of filth.
- Gross morphology involves assessing overall physical characteristics.
- Microscopical examination means assessing the drug under a microscope to evaluate features.
- Quantitative microscopy is an analytical technique to analyze the crude drug.
- Chemical methods involve qualitative chemical tests, chemical assays, and instrumental analysis.
- Solvent extractive value is the determination of active constituents using specific solvents.
Macroscopic Examination (Detection of Filth)
- Filth makes drugs unfit for human use.
- Macroscopic assessment of crude plant materials enables immediate detection of foreign matter, filth, and adulterating materials.
- Solvents of varying specific gravity are used to detect filth.
The Gross Morphology
- Morphological features of various plant parts help identify crude drugs.
- These features are useful in identifying adulterants of crude drugs.
- Characteristics like shape, taste, color, odor, and texture are examined.
- The pungent taste of ginger is an example.
Microscopical Examination
- The powdered drug is examined under a microscope and its characteristic features are evaluated.
- Glandular trichomes in mentha, and the presence of sclerides in cascara while absent in frangula are examples.
Quantitative Microscopy
- It is an analytical technique used to analyze crude drugs.
- Techniques like stomatal index, palisade ratio and vein-islet number fall under this.
Stomatal Index
- The percentage of the number of stomata relative to the total number of epidermal cells, including stomata, per unit area.
- Calculated as S/(S+E) x 100.
Palisade Ratio
- The number of palisade cells under one epidermal cell.
Vein-Islet Number
- The number of vein-islets per mm² of leaf surface.
- This number is constant for a given plant species and unaffected by the plant's age.
Chemical Methods
- Determination of active constituents in crude drugs.
- This involves qualitative chemical tests, chemical assays and instrumental analysis.
Qualitative Chemical Tests
- Some color tests are specific for certain substances like alkaloid and tannin.
- Ammi visnaga develops a red color when treated with KOH, while A. majus does not due to the presence of khellin.
Chemical Assay
- Includes assays of alkaloids for belladonna, volatile oil estimation, and resin in jalap.
Instrumental Analysis
- Chromatographic methods like TLC, PC, GC, HPLC, and UHPLC are widely used to analyze the chemical constituents of crude drugs.
Solvent Extractive Value
- Determination of the approximate amount of active constituents present in a given amount of medicinal plant material when extracted with a specific solvent.
- Water-soluble extractive value is used for drugs containing water-soluble active constituents, such as the water-soluble extractive value of liquorice.
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