Classifying Matter: States and Composition
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements accurately describe matter?

  • It is exclusively found in living organisms.
  • It can only be classified as either a metal, acid, or a base.
  • It occupies space and possesses mass. (correct)
  • It is weightless but occupies space.

Which of the following provides the most accurate definition of chemistry?

  • The study of living organisms.
  • The study of celestial bodies.
  • The study of historical events.
  • The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the changes it undergoes. (correct)

How are elements and compounds related?

  • Elements are broken down into compounds through physical means.
  • Elements and compounds are different terms for the same type of matter.
  • Compounds are formed through the physical combination of elements.
  • Compounds are chemical combinations of two or more elements. (correct)

During which process do substances combine without changing their chemical identities?

<p>Mixture formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between physical and chemical changes in matter?

<p>Physical changes alter the appearance without changing composition; chemical changes result in a new substance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the kinetic-molecular theory of matter?

<p>All matter is composed of small particles in constant motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is characteristic of solids at the molecular level?

<p>Particles are tightly packed in a defined arrangement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes liquids from gases in terms of particle arrangement and movement?

<p>Liquids have mobile particles that are relatively close, while gases have independent particles that are far apart. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing temperature affect the forces of attraction between particles in a substance?

<p>It increases the kinetic energy of particles, weakening the forces of attraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a physically distinct portion of matter that is uniform throughout?

<p>Phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of matter changing from a liquid to a gas?

<p>Evaporation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a physical property?

<p>Solubility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions are properties considered 'physical'?

<p>When they can be observed without changing the composition of a substance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way is the rusting of iron classified as a chemical property?

<p>It involves the formation of a new substance (iron oxide). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What's the difference between intensive and extensive properties of matter?

<p>Intensive properties are used to identify substances; extensive properties cannot do this. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an indicator of a physical change, not a chemical one?

<p>Change of phase without altering chemical composition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a chemical change differ from a physical change?

<p>A chemical change creates a new substance, while a physical change only alters the form. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the physical change of water from ice to steam?

<p>The arrangement of water molecules changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the description of potassium as a soft, silvery-colored metal that melts at 64°C and reacts vigorously with water, oxygen, and chlorine, which property is chemical?

<p>Reacts with chlorine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iodine being a solid having somewhat lustrous, blue-black crystals is an example of:

<p>A physical property (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classifies the separation of sodium chloride from seawater via evaporation as a physical process?

<p>No new substance is formed; sodium chloride remains sodium chloride. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is considered a chemical reaction rather than a physical one?

<p>Obtaining iron from iron (III) oxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you classify a pure substance?

<p>A substance made of only one type of atom or molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a compound from an element?

<p>A compound can be broken down into elements by chemical means, while an element cannot. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristics are typical of metals?

<p>Lustrous appearance and ability to conduct electricity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are metals distinguished from non-metals based on their properties?

<p>Metals are ductile and malleable, while non-metals are brittle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of substance is depicted in diagram A?

<p>Element (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes mixtures?

<p>Physical combination of substances with variable composition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can components of a mixture be separated?

<p>By using physical means that exploit differences in physical properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the original components of a mixture?

<p>They retain their original properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which way do homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures differ?

<p>Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition throughout, while heterogeneous mixtures do not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of a heterogeneous mixture?

<p>Sugar and Sand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a substance is classified as seawater, then it is a:

<p>Homogeneous mixture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Table salt is a:

<p>Pure compound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Knowing that salad dressing has differing components, it would be:

<p>Heterogeneous mixture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corrosion of aluminum metal is an example of:

<p>Chemical process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Digesting a Bar-One is an example of a:

<p>Chemical process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be used to separate a mixture of sand and sugar?

<p>Dissolving in water and filtration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A chlorine gas changing into a liquid under pressure is an example of:

<p>Physical property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen burns in chlorine gas is an example of:

<p>Chemical property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Matter?

Anything that occupies space and has weight. The amount of matter in any object.

What is mass?

The amount of matter in an object.

What is Chemistry?

The science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the changes it undergoes.

What is physical state(matter)?

Classification based on whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas

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What is Chemical Composition?

Classification based on whether a substance is an element, compound or mixture

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What are the states of matter?

The three distinct forms that matter can exist in.

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What is a phase?

A homogenous part of a system separated from other parts by physical boundaries

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What is the Kinetic-molecular theory?

All matter consists of small particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) that are in constant motion.

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Temperature and particle motion

Temperature increase causes increase in particle speed, increasing kinetic energy.

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Forces of attraction

Attraction that holds particles together.

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What are Solids?

Definite shape and volume; particles tightly packed and incompressible.

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What are Liquids?

Definite volume but no definite shape. Particles are mobile and relatively close.

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What are Gases?

No definite shape or volume; particles are independent and far apart; highly compressible.

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What are Physical properties?

Properties observed and measured without changing the substance's composition.

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What are Chemical properties?

Properties that describe how a substance changes into a new substance.

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What are Intensive properties?

A property that is independent of the amount of material present.

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What are Extensive properties?

Properties that depend on the amount of material present.

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What is Physical change?

A change that does not produce a new substance.

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What is Chemical change?

A change that results in the production of a new substance.

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What is an Element?

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

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What is a Compound?

Combination of two or more elements that can be broken down into elements by chemical means.

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What are Metals?

Shiny, conducts electricity and heat, malleable, and ductile.

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What are Non-metals?

Lacking luster, do not conduct electricity or heat well, not malleable or ductile.

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What are Mixtures?

Physical combination of two or more substances. Varies depending on composition.

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What is Homogeneous?

A homogenous mixture with one phase and uniform properties throughout.

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What is Heterogeneous?

A heterogeneous mixture with two or more phases that are not uniform throughout.

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Study Notes

  • Matter is anything that occupies space and possesses weight.
  • The amount of matter contained in an object is known as its mass.
  • Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and changes of matter.
  • Matter can be classified as metals/non-metals, acids/bases, by physical state (solid, liquid, gas), or by chemical composition (element, compound, mixture).

Classification of Matter

  • Two main classification methods are physical state and chemical composition.
  • Physical state refers to whether matter is a solid, liquid, or gas.
  • Chemical composition classifies matter as an element, compound, or mixture.

States of Matter

  • Matter exists in three states or phases: solid, liquid, and gas.
  • A phase is a physically distinct portion of matter with uniform composition and properties throughout.

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

  • This theory helps explain the properties of solids, liquids, and gases.
  • All matter is composed of extremely small particles, such as atoms, molecules, or ions, in constant motion.
  • The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move.
  • Kinetic energy overcomes forces of attraction between particles.

Solids

  • Possess a definite shape and volume.
  • Do not flow.
  • Tightly packed particles.
  • Incompressible.
  • Expand slightly when heated.

Liquids

  • Do not have a definite shape but have a definite volume.
  • Flow.
  • Mobile and relatively close particles.
  • Incompressible.
  • Expand slightly when heated.

Gases

  • Lack both definite shape and volume.
  • Exhibit flow.
  • Independent particles are relatively far apart.
  • Possess low density.
  • Highly compressible.
  • Expand significantly when heated.

Properties of Matter

  • Physical properties: can be observed and measured without changing the composition of a substance; includes color, odor, taste, solubility, density, hardness, melting point, and boiling point.
  • Chemical properties: Describe ability to react and form new substances; involve chemical changes such as reacting in air, conversion, rusting, flammability.
  • Intensive properties: independent of the quantity of material; used to identify substances such as density and boiling point.
  • Extensive properties: dependent on the amount of material present, for example, mass and volume.

Changes of Matter

  • Physical change: no new substance is produced, but a change of phase may occur.
  • Chemical change: a new substance is produced, and a change of phase may occur, for example, rusting of iron and wood burning.
  • Physical processes include melting, boiling, freezing, and condensing; state changes.
  • Chemical process examples aluminum reaction, mercury oxide heating, iron oxide production.

Pure Substances

  • Consist of elements and compounds.
  • Compounds are chemical combinations of two or more elements.
  • Compounds can be broken down into elements by chemical methods and have a definite, constant elemental composition.
  • Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.
  • Elements are classified into metals and non-metals.

Metals

  • Exhibit luster.
  • Conduct electricity and heat.
  • Malleable, able to be pounded into sheets.
  • Ductile, able to be drawn into wires (e.g., Al, Pb).

Non-Metals

  • Lack luster.
  • Do not conduct electricity or heat.
  • Are not malleable or ductile (e.g., O, C, S).

Mixtures

  • Mixtures represent the physical combination of two or more substances.
  • Having variable composition, properties vary as composition varies.
  • Components can be separated using physical means such as filtration and distillation.
  • Components retain their individual properties.
  • Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Homogeneous Mixtures

  • Exhibit only one phase with uniform properties throughout, for example, salt dissolved in water.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

  • Consist of two or more phases, are not uniform throughout, and consist of physically distinct parts, for example, sugar and sand.

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Description

Understand the classification of matter based on its physical state (solid, liquid, gas) and chemical composition (element, compound, mixture). Explore the three states of matter and the kinetic-molecular theory. Learn about the properties of matter.

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