Cardiovascular Emergencies Study Notes

Cardiovascular Emergencies Study Notes

• Deoxygenated blood from the body returns to the right atrium
• Pulmonary veins transport oxygenated blood

Electrical Impulse Origination

• The electrical impulse generated by the heart initiates in the sinoatrial node

Parasympathetic Nervous System

• The parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart and respiratory rates, contrasting the sympathetic nervous system

Blood supply to the heart

• The right coronary artery supplies blood to the right atrium and the posterior wall of the right ventricle

Anatomy

• The iliac arteries immediately subdivide into the femoral arteries

Narrowing Arteries

• Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits is atherosclerosis

Angina Pectoris

• Angina pectoris occurs when myocardial oxygen demand exceeds supply

AMI and Medical Attention

• The most common reason people experiencing AMI do not seek immediate medical attention is that they are in denial

Chest Pain Documentation

• When documenting a patient’s description of chest pain, use the patient’s own words

Signs of Right-Sided Heart Failure

• Dependent edema is a sign commonly observed in patients with right-sided heart failure

Aortic Aneurysm Dissection

• A dissecting aortic aneurysm occurs when the inner layers of the aorta separate

Suspected Cardiac Problem

• Upon arriving at the residence of a patient with a possible cardiac problem, assess the scene for potential hazards

Medications for Chest Pain

• Aspirin is given to patients with chest pain to prevent blood clots from forming or getting bigger

Nitroglycerin Guidelines

• Nitroglycerin usually relieves anginal chest pain within 5 minutes

Nitroglycerin Doses

• Most patients are instructed to take up to three doses of nitroglycerin before calling EMS

12 Lead ECG

• When preparing to obtain a 12-lead ECG, place the LL and RL electrodes on the thighs or ankles

AED Advantages

• The AED’s use does not require the presence of advanced life support personnel

Attaching AED

• Dry the chest if it is wet prior to attaching the AED

Cardiogenic Shock After AMI

• Cardiogenic shock following AMI is caused by a decreased pumping force of the heart muscle

Neurologic Emergencies Notes

Body Functions

• The brain stem controls breathing, blood pressure, and swallowing

Muscle Control

• The cerebellum controls muscle control and body coordination

Ischemic Stroke

• The cause of an ischemic stroke: blockage of a cerebral artery

Ruptured Aneurysm

• A clinical sign suggestive of a ruptured aneurysm is a sudden, severe headache

EMT Concerns

• The EMT should be most concerned about neck stiffness or pain

Seizure Characteristic

• Normal level of consciousness is characteristic of a focal-onset aware seizure

Febrile Seizures

• Febrile seizures are usually benign but should be evaluated

Altered Mental Status

• A patient with an altered mental status is not thinking clearly or is incapable of being aroused

Alcoholism

• Individuals with chronic alcoholism are predisposed to intracranial bleeding and hypoglycemia due to abnormalities in the brain

Generalized Seizure

• Epilepsy is the least likely cause of a generalized seizure in a 40-year-old

Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale

• Arm drift, speech, and facial droop are the components of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale

Stroke Assessment

• When assessing for arm drift, ask the patient to hold his or her arms up with the palms down

Stroke Treatment Eligibility

• A patient is not eligible for thrombolytic therapy if bleeding within the brain

Hemorrhagic Stroke Risk Factor

• The most significant risk factor for a hemorrhagic stroke is hypertension

Aphasia

• A patient experiencing aphasia is unable to produce or understand speech

Status Epilepticus

• Status epilepticus is characterized by prolonged seizures without a return of consciousness

Hypoglycemia

• Be most alert for a seizure

Whole Brain Affect

• Respiratory failure or cardiopulmonary arrest

Endocrine and Hematologic Emergencies Notes

Diabetes Defined

• Diabetes is most accurately defined as a disorder of glucose metabolism

Type 1 Diabetes Treated

• Diabetes is typically treated with medications such as metformin

Type 2 Diabetes Control

• Diet exercise, tolbutamide (Orinase), glyburide (Micronase)

Normal Blood Glucose

• Normal is between 80 to 120 mg/dL

DKA Cause

• Insulin is not available in the body

Altered Mental Status suspicion

• Significant hyperglycemic

EMT likely encounter:

• Weight loss and polyuria

Likely Develop

• takes to much of his or her prescribed insulin

Sample History

• Recent illness or excessive stress

Diabetic conditions

• Blindness

Oral Glucose administration

• Documented hypoglycemia and no gag reflex

Hemoglobin

• Within red blood cells and carries oxygen

Sickle Cell Disease

• Red blood cells are abnormally shaped and carry less oxygen

Risk factors

• Pulmonary embolism

Polyuria

• excess glucose is excreted by the kidneys

Name of Hunger

• Excessive eating is known as polyphagia

Hypoglycemia Signs

• Cool clammy skin, weakness, cardia, and rapid respirations.

Visible signs of hyperglycemia

• Patients mental status

Administer oral glucose

• A confused man with tachycardia and pallor

Procedure for administering oral glucose

• Check the medication's expiration date.

Allergic Reactions Study Notes

Allergic Reaction Definition

• An exaggerated immune system response to any substance

Chemicals in Allergic Reaction

• Histamines and leukotrienes are responsible for the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to a bee sting

Medical Term for Hives

• Urticaria is the medical term for hives

Foreign Susbtance

• Allergen

A raised, swollen, well-defined area of the skin that is the result of an insect bite or sting is called a wheal

Honeybee Stinger

• The stinger should be scraped away from the skin

Symptoms of allergic reaction

• drying of the eyes

Upper Airway Indicators

• Stridor is the following sounds indicates swelling of the upper airway

Epinephrine Indication

• Wheezing and hypotension

Site for Primay Injection

• Injection primary site is the lateral portion of the thigh

When Administering Epinephrine

• Hold the injection for ten seconds

Auctulating Breath Sounds

• Indicate bilateral wheezing over all lung fields this indicates rapid The swelling of the the upper airway tissue.

After epinephrine injection

• Reassessment the patient’s vital signs

Epinephrine Effects

• The effects of epinephrine are typically observed within 1 minute

Common Sign of Anaphylaxis

• Urinaria and angioedema

Delayed Allergic Reaction Onset

• A 50 -year -old exposed to latex.

Statements regarding fire ants

• Fire ants bite person repeatedly.

Reaction Source Clues

• The environment in which patient is found

Impendinly Fatal

• Is upper airway swelling

Woman Bitten by Fire Ants

• Assisted ventilation with 100% oxygen

Toxicology (Final Manual Quiz Format)

Definition substance

• Defined misusing a substance to

EMT Primary Responsibility

• Primary is poisoned is to recognise.

Heroin Example

• Example of opioid.

Overdose Symptoms

• symptoms and hypo ventilation.

Sympathommimmetic Drug Oversose Effects.

Tachycardia

Questions

• Why was the statement

Primary Caring (surface)

• Don't contaminate yourself

Substances Diluted

• Dirlute Arborned with Oxygen

Main Side Effect Activated Charcoal

• Balck

Important Activated

• Bealert for vomiting

Increasing Amount

• Tolerance

Hypnotic Drugs

• induce sleepy

Significant Quanitity

• Aspirin

Uncertain of How Treat

• Naloxone via the intranasal route

Control centre

• Awareness of the substance

Poisoning Route:

• Ingestion

- Activated Charcoal

• Aspirin

Sallmonial bacteria

• The bacterial it does food poisoning.

Behavioral Health Emergencies

Responses of Environment

• affect

Behavioral crisis:

• Uncooperative behaviour

Brain Syndrome

• abnormal physiology

First Steps

• your saftey first

General Guidelines

• Firmly Identifing

thinking gain

• Active listening

Questions for the person/people?

• It is only to appropriate to perform patient restraint if conscious

Except:

• Intese stress

Significant

• Depression

Except include:

• Hallucination

How should you restrain?

• Hands tied for their safety

EMT

• Time for restraints

Make worse

• Alcohol

Disorder Can happen After

• After a mental occurance

Predict the personslikelihood?

Psychotic

Normal called?

Body function as Structure

Functional Behavior

• Drug Add

Be very clear on this;

Assessment of behavoril crisis;

Next pritority

• Reaching out to their enviroment

Not includee

• Old men

Genecolic Emerginecis (format)

- Months + release it into:

• Fallopian tube

Lininf of the outerline:

• Engoreged with blood

Menstruation:

• 11-16

###- Has reached:

• Capable of becoming pregnant

Common for yong to:

• Experience abdominal cramping, may be misinterpreted

Regarding Inflammatory Diesase

• Scaring with

Inlflmmatory does NOT affect?

Utinaldy Blader

Controversey Pelric inflamatyoty

• Etopic and ovarin absess

As woman

• Mensural perious vary severity

Untreated in inflammatory diz?

• Clamdila

Contrast:

• Can be painless

Possible

• Treated by a fmeale Emrt

S. A. V

• No sign can happen

Woman presents symptoms

• Gather P H infomation

Main focus should

• Maintain ABC

Following shock

• Removing forigon bodies from the viginan

Regards to Rape?

Legal term a

sexually

• Not allow her to showrt

S. A. V

• Defficed is possible injuries

Documetation

• What patent staled the own words

Received called sexual

The experience has a mental bloc