Podcast
Questions and Answers
Mesenchymal cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including ______ which are known as bone cells.
Mesenchymal cells can differentiate into a variety of cell types, including ______ which are known as bone cells.
osteoblasts
Chondrocytes are the cells responsible for producing ______.
Chondrocytes are the cells responsible for producing ______.
cartilage
Bone formation that occurs within mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue is called ______ ossification.
Bone formation that occurs within mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue is called ______ ossification.
intramembranous
The flat bones of the skull and facial bones are results of ______ ossification.
The flat bones of the skull and facial bones are results of ______ ossification.
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On the epiphyseal side, chondrocytes divide and form ______.
On the epiphyseal side, chondrocytes divide and form ______.
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After adolescence, the epiphyseal plate becomes ______, stopping growth.
After adolescence, the epiphyseal plate becomes ______, stopping growth.
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Osteoclasts are responsible for the breakdown of ______.
Osteoclasts are responsible for the breakdown of ______.
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During bone growth in thickness, periosteal cells differentiate into ______ to produce bone matrix.
During bone growth in thickness, periosteal cells differentiate into ______ to produce bone matrix.
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Bones are made up of connective tissue, which includes bone, cartilage, adipose, and ______.
Bones are made up of connective tissue, which includes bone, cartilage, adipose, and ______.
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One of the functions of bones is to provide ______ for the body.
One of the functions of bones is to provide ______ for the body.
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Bones act as a lever system to help muscles in generating ______.
Bones act as a lever system to help muscles in generating ______.
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The skull, rib cage, and vertebral column serve the function of ______.
The skull, rib cage, and vertebral column serve the function of ______.
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Bones store important minerals like calcium and ______.
Bones store important minerals like calcium and ______.
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Red and white blood cells are produced in ______ bone marrow.
Red and white blood cells are produced in ______ bone marrow.
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Flat bones have thin layers of compact bone surrounding ______ bone.
Flat bones have thin layers of compact bone surrounding ______ bone.
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______ bones have an elongated shape and are found in the limbs.
______ bones have an elongated shape and are found in the limbs.
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The patella is an example of a ______ bone.
The patella is an example of a ______ bone.
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The vertebrae and some facial bones are examples of ______ bones.
The vertebrae and some facial bones are examples of ______ bones.
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The framework of cartilage and bones is interrupted by ______.
The framework of cartilage and bones is interrupted by ______.
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The two main divisions of the skeleton are the axial skeleton and the ______ skeleton.
The two main divisions of the skeleton are the axial skeleton and the ______ skeleton.
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Bones are considered ______ because they are made up of different tissues working together.
Bones are considered ______ because they are made up of different tissues working together.
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The ______ is the longest bone in the human body, located in the thigh.
The ______ is the longest bone in the human body, located in the thigh.
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Hyaline cartilage is the most ______ type of cartilage found in the body.
Hyaline cartilage is the most ______ type of cartilage found in the body.
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Fibrocartilage contains large bundles of ______ that help resist forces.
Fibrocartilage contains large bundles of ______ that help resist forces.
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The flexible type of cartilage that has a matrix of elastic fibres is called ______.
The flexible type of cartilage that has a matrix of elastic fibres is called ______.
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Bones facilitate controlled and precise ______ in cooperation with muscles.
Bones facilitate controlled and precise ______ in cooperation with muscles.
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Bone tissues can withstand ______ and compression due to their structural composition.
Bone tissues can withstand ______ and compression due to their structural composition.
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Intramembranous and endochondral ______ are two types of bone formation processes.
Intramembranous and endochondral ______ are two types of bone formation processes.
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Periosteum is absent in sesamoid bones and at the attachment of ______.
Periosteum is absent in sesamoid bones and at the attachment of ______.
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The endosteum is a single layer of ______ cells.
The endosteum is a single layer of ______ cells.
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Nutrient arteries and veins penetrate through several ______ in the epiphysis and metaphysis.
Nutrient arteries and veins penetrate through several ______ in the epiphysis and metaphysis.
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Compact bone is thicker where ______ are greater.
Compact bone is thicker where ______ are greater.
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Bones develop surface markings offering anchor points for ______ and ligaments.
Bones develop surface markings offering anchor points for ______ and ligaments.
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The ______ is crucial for skeletal mobility.
The ______ is crucial for skeletal mobility.
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Short, irregular, and flat bones have an external layer of compact bone covered by ______.
Short, irregular, and flat bones have an external layer of compact bone covered by ______.
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Cells called ______ are responsible for building bone by secreting collagen fibers.
Cells called ______ are responsible for building bone by secreting collagen fibers.
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The internal layer of bone consisting of spongy tissue is also known as ______.
The internal layer of bone consisting of spongy tissue is also known as ______.
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The extracellular matrix of bone tissue is composed of 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% ______.
The extracellular matrix of bone tissue is composed of 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, and 55% ______.
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Osteocytes are the main cells in healthy bone that are involved in ______ and metabolism.
Osteocytes are the main cells in healthy bone that are involved in ______ and metabolism.
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The outer fibrous and inner cellular layers make up the ______.
The outer fibrous and inner cellular layers make up the ______.
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Bone marrow is present in short, irregular, and flat bones, but there is no ______ cavity.
Bone marrow is present in short, irregular, and flat bones, but there is no ______ cavity.
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The structural unit of compact bone is called an ______.
The structural unit of compact bone is called an ______.
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Trabeculae in spongy bone are arranged along lines of ______.
Trabeculae in spongy bone are arranged along lines of ______.
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Study Notes
Bone Formation - Endochondral Ossification
- Bone growth from cartilage model, cartilage is replaced by bone, long bones, short bones, most bones of the body
- Forms from mesenchyme
- Mesenchymal cells mature into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, or osteoclasts
- Osteoblasts build bone
- Chondrocytes create cartilage
- Osteoclasts break down bone
Bone Formation - Intramembranous ossification
- Bone growth where bone tissue is formed directly from mesenchyme
- Flat bones, facial bones, mandible, clavicle
- Also called dermal ossification because it occurs in deeper layers of the dermis
Bone Growth - Length
- Growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate
- Anchored by periosteum
- Chondrocytes continuously divide, enlarge, and produce calcified matrix, eventually die leaving calcified matrix
Bone Growth - Thickness
- Growth occurs at periosteum
- Periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts which produce bone matrix, creating ridges around blood vessels
- Ridges fuse forming canals surrounding blood vessels
- Periosteum becomes endosteum, creating new lamellae, closing canals forming osteons
- New circumferential lamellae form creating new ridges, repeating the process
Cartilage
- Connective tissue made of collagen and/or elastic fibers in a gel like structure
- Chondrocytes are the cells that live in lacunae (cavities)
- Doesn't contain nerves or blood vessels
- Sometimes surrounded by perichondrium, absent in articular and fibrocartilage
- Perichondrium is connective tissue with fibroblasts and chondroblasts
Types of Cartilage
- Hyaline: most common, fine fibres in a gel-like matrix, found in most articulations (e.g. most joints)
- Fibrocartilage: Large bundles of collagen, resists compression and tension forces (e.g. anulus fibrosus)
- Elastic: Matrix of elastic fibers, where flexibility is needed (e.g. epiglottis)
Bones
- Connective tissue made of bone, cartilage, adipose, blood, epithelial tissue, nervous tissue
- Functions: Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production and energy storage, energy metabolism
Types of Bones
- Flat bones: thin layers of compact bone surrounding spongy bone (diploë) - roof of skull, ribs, sternum, scapula
- Sutural Bones: oddly shaped bones inserted between flat bones of the skull, structurally they are flat bones
- Pneumatized Bones: hollow bones or containing air pockets - ethmoid
- Long bones: elongated shape- limbs, fingers, toes
- Short bones: roughly cuboidal shape-carpals, tarsals
- Sesamoid bones: present within tendons, patella
- Irregular bones: shape varies-vertebrae, some facial bones, heel bone
Anatomy of a Long Bone
- Elongated shape (e.g. femur and tibia)
- Diaphysis: shaft
- Epiphysis: ends
- Metaphysis: where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
- Medullary Cavity: hollow space in diaphysis
- Compact bone: outer layer
- Spongy bone: inner layer
- Periosteum: outer covering
- Endosteum: inner covering
Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones
- External layers of compact bone covered by periosteum
- Internal layers of spongy bone (diploë) covered by endosteum
- Bone marrow is present, but there is no marrow cavity
- Blood vessels and nerves are similar to long bones
Composition of Bone Tissue
- Abundant extracellular matrix containing widely separated cells
- Matrix: 15% water, 30% collagen fibers, 55% minerals
- Collagen fibers provide elasticity
- Mineral salts provide rigidity (hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, magnesium, fluoride, potassium, sulfate)
- Collagen fibers provide an organic framework on which crystals can form
- Cells:
- Osteogenic cells: unspecialized bone cells, only bone cells that divide, found in endosteum and periosteum
- Osteoblasts; bone building cells, secrete collagen fibers and initiate calcification, will surround itself with matrix and become osteocyte
- Osteocytes: main cell of healthy bone, maintenance and metabolism
- Osteoclasts: derived from white blood cells, concentrated in endosteum, active in bone growth and remodelling as well as resorption (regulates calcium levels)
Compact Bone
- External layer (cortex)
- Contains osteons (Haversian systems)
- Lamellae (rings of bone matrix)
- Canaliculi (canals that connect osteocyte)
- Central canal (contains blood vessels and nerves)
- Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Spongy Bone Tissue
- Internal layer
- Trabeculae (thin columns of bone)
- Osteocytes in lacunae receive nutrients from blood vessels of the endosteum by diffusion
- Reduces weight of bones
- Supports red bone marrow, present in areas receiving lighter stress, trabeculae arranged along lines of stress
Periosteum and Endosteum
-
Periosteum: Composed of outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer (osteoprogenitor cells)
- Absent in sesamoid bones
- Absent at attachment of tendons, ligaments, joint structures and articular cartilage
- Functions:
- Isolates and protects bone from surrounding tissues
- Provides a route and place of attachment for circulatory and nervous supply
- Participates in bone growth and repair
- Attaches the bone to the connective tissue network of the deep fascia
- Endosteum: Single layer of osteoprogenitor cells, active in growth and remodelling, covers trabeculae in the medullary cavity or the central canal of osteons
Blood and Nerve Supply
- Diaphysis: Nutrient foramen, nutrient artery, nutrient vein
- Epiphysis and Metaphysis: several veins and arteries penetrating through several foramina
- Periosteum and outer part: Many small veins and arteries (branches from the nutrient vein and artery), perforating canals
- Nerve supply follows veins and arteries, sensory nerves, large amount of ending in periosteum and cortical bone make fractures painful
Forces At Work
- Compact and spongy bone tissues are aligned along lines of stress
- Compact bone is thicker where forces are greater, the mesh of spongy bone is also oriented to counteract stress
- Spongy bone is more appropriate for multidirectional tension
- Remodelling throughout life
Bone Surface Markings
- Bones develop surface markings offering anchor points for tendons and ligaments as muscles are being used (tension and compression forces change the topography)
- Usually not present at birth
- Other markings allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels, present from birth
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes of bone formation through endochondral and intramembranous ossification. This quiz covers the mechanisms of how bones grow in length and thickness, the role of different cells, and the types of bones formed. Perfect for anyone studying anatomy and physiology.
