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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the most inclusive level in the hierarchy of life?
Which of the following is the most inclusive level in the hierarchy of life?
- Organ
- Cell
- Organ system
- Organism (correct)
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of dynamic equilibrium in a non-living system.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of dynamic equilibrium in a non-living system.
False (B)
What is the primary role of a receptor in a homeostatic feedback loop?
What is the primary role of a receptor in a homeostatic feedback loop?
- To integrate information and determine the appropriate response.
- To carry out the necessary response to return a variable to its set point.
- To maintain and control the setpoint of a given variable.
- To detect changes in a variable away from its set point. (correct)
In thermoregulation, shivering is an example of an action by the ______________ to raise body temperature.
In thermoregulation, shivering is an example of an action by the ______________ to raise body temperature.
What is the primary difference between a positive and negative feedback loop?
What is the primary difference between a positive and negative feedback loop?
During blood clotting, the activation of more clotting factors by thrombin represents a negative feedback loop.
During blood clotting, the activation of more clotting factors by thrombin represents a negative feedback loop.
Which physiological variable is NOT involved in homeostasis?
Which physiological variable is NOT involved in homeostasis?
What type of receptor is responsible for detecting changes in blood osmolarity?
What type of receptor is responsible for detecting changes in blood osmolarity?
____________ are organisms that primarily rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature.
____________ are organisms that primarily rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature.
Which of the following is an advantage that endotherms have over ectotherms?
Which of the following is an advantage that endotherms have over ectotherms?
Osmoregulation is only necessary for organisms living in aquatic environments.
Osmoregulation is only necessary for organisms living in aquatic environments.
What is the primary function of the kidney in human osmoregulation?
What is the primary function of the kidney in human osmoregulation?
What is the structural and functional unit of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs?
What is the structural and functional unit of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs?
During inhalation, the diaphragm _______________, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
During inhalation, the diaphragm _______________, which increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
What structural adaptation does the trachea have to prevent collapse during breathing?
What structural adaptation does the trachea have to prevent collapse during breathing?
Emphysema primarily affects the bronchioles, leading to reduced airflow.
Emphysema primarily affects the bronchioles, leading to reduced airflow.
What is a common method for measuring the maximum rate of expiration, particularly useful for people with asthma?
What is a common method for measuring the maximum rate of expiration, particularly useful for people with asthma?
In fish, what structures extract oxygen from water?
In fish, what structures extract oxygen from water?
In the nervous system, the tiny gap between two neurons is called the _______________.
In the nervous system, the tiny gap between two neurons is called the _______________.
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?
Neurons transmit signals using only electrical impulses.
Neurons transmit signals using only electrical impulses.
Which brain region is the primary control center for many homeostatic mechanisms?
Which brain region is the primary control center for many homeostatic mechanisms?
What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle?
What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle?
An animal that is active during the day is referred to as _______________.
An animal that is active during the day is referred to as _______________.
Which organ is responsible for secreting the hormone insulin?
Which organ is responsible for secreting the hormone insulin?
The endocrine system’s signals are transmitted rapidly and have short duration compared to the signals of the nervous system.
The endocrine system’s signals are transmitted rapidly and have short duration compared to the signals of the nervous system.
What is the primary function of peristalsis in the digestive system?
What is the primary function of peristalsis in the digestive system?
In digestion, what is the name given to the mixture of partially digested food and gastric secretions in the stomach?
In digestion, what is the name given to the mixture of partially digested food and gastric secretions in the stomach?
Bile, which aids in the digestion of fats, is produced by the ______________.
Bile, which aids in the digestion of fats, is produced by the ______________.
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starches into disaccharides in the mouth?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starches into disaccharides in the mouth?
The large intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption.
The large intestine is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption.
Which of the following molecules is the final product in carbohydrate digestion, used to maintain blood sugar levels?
Which of the following molecules is the final product in carbohydrate digestion, used to maintain blood sugar levels?
Are lipids polar or non-polar molecules:
Are lipids polar or non-polar molecules:
Organisms with a backbone form a group we call _______________.
Organisms with a backbone form a group we call _______________.
Match the classes of Biological Molecules with the appropriate subcategories:
Match the classes of Biological Molecules with the appropriate subcategories:
What type of bonds can carbon form?
What type of bonds can carbon form?
What components do organic compounds include in addition to carbon:
What components do organic compounds include in addition to carbon:
What polysaccharide is highly branched and is produced by animals to store excess energy in the liver and muscle tissue?
What polysaccharide is highly branched and is produced by animals to store excess energy in the liver and muscle tissue?
The circulatory system is best thought of as the highway of the body.
The circulatory system is best thought of as the highway of the body.
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
The tendency of organisms to maintain various physiological variables at a specific value, known as set point.
Stimulus
Stimulus
A physiological variable that causes a change, such as an increase in blood glucose level.
Receptor
Receptor
In the context of homeostasis, these collect data on physiological variables and send it back to the control center.
Control Center
Control Center
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Effector
Effector
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Feedback Loop
Feedback Loop
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Positive Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
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Negative Feedback Loop
Negative Feedback Loop
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Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation
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Endothermic Organisms
Endothermic Organisms
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Ectothermic Organisms
Ectothermic Organisms
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Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation
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Osmoregulators
Osmoregulators
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Osmoconformers
Osmoconformers
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Cell
Cell
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Tissue
Tissue
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Organ
Organ
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Organ System
Organ System
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Organism
Organism
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Seven Functions of Life
Seven Functions of Life
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Unit 1: Systems & Homeostasis
- Biology Unit 1 contains 10 lessons, a review day, and a test
Lesson 1: Introduction to Physiology, Homeostasis & Feedback Loops
- Physiology is the science of life
Setting up Your Notebook
- The first page is the title page, called "Unit 1: Systems & Homeostasis"
- The next two pages are the Table of Contents pages
- The next 20 pages of the notebook should be numbered
Table of Contents
- Unit 1: Systems & Homeostasis is on page 1
- Table of Contents is on page 2
- Phenomenon: How do squid fly?! is on pages 3 & 4
- Physiology Big Ideas is on pages 5 & 6
Homeostasis & Feedback Loops
- Homeostasis is related to feedback loops
What is Homeostasis?
- Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to maintain various physiological variables at a specific value, known as the set point
- Examples of physiological variables (stimuli) include blood glucose level, blood pH, CO2 and O2 levels, temperature, ventilation rate, heart rate, blood pressure, water and nutrient levels, and hormone and energy levels
- The body constantly collects information about physiological variables (stimuli), compares them to set points, and adjusts as needed to maintain homeostasis
- The control center of homeostasis involves multiple body systems
- The brain sends signals to effectors, such as organs, nerves, or glands, causing responses, including hormone production
- The effector causes a response in the body; for example, taking up more water from urine to maintain a higher water level
- A receptor, like a chemoreceptor in an organ or gland, detects the changes and sends data back to the control center
- The body constantly checks many physiological variables and adjusts them as needed to keep everything at the set point
Thermoregulation
- Thermoregulation is a classic example of maintaining homeostasis
- Identify the control center, effector, receptor, and stimulus when learning about thermoregulation
Feedback Loops
- A feedback loop is a system of interactions where the output(s) either inhibit or amplify the system
- In a positive feedback loop, the output amplifies the system, working towards a specific goal
- In a negative feedback loop, the system works in both directions to maintain the set point or stabilize the system
Positive or Negative Feedback loops
- Lactation is an example of positive feedback, when a baby suckles, the pituitary glad creates milk
- Blood pressure is an example of negative feedback, baroreceptors stretch or become flaccid to speed up the heart rate
- Blood clotting is an example of positive feedback, speeding up until bleeding stops
Homeostasis Virtual Lab
- The virtual lab explores how connected variables are and how individual actions affect those variables
- The Heart Rate investigation consists of manipulating variables and noting the relationships by answering specific questions of the following variables: heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, perspiration & blood sugar
Heart Rate CER
- To collect data, use Vernier Heart Rate monitors
- Consider variables and constants for the human physiology investigations
Lesson 2: Physiology, Homeostasis & from Cells to Organism
- The content of the lesson is to analyze examples of how different organisms work to maintain homeostasis
- Classify key information about organisms and their physiology using specific terminology
Physiology Big Ideas
- What happens when a physiological variable moves too far from set point?
Homeostasis & The Hierarchy of Life
- Examples: Thermoregulation & Osmoregulation
- The Hierarchy of Life includes cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, and organisms
Physiology & Homeostasis
- Humans are not the only organisms that need to maintain homeostasis
- All organisms need to maintain certain physiological variables at the set point
Thermoregulation
- Warm-blooded organisms expend energy to maintain their internal body temperature at a specific set point and are endothermic
- Cold-blooded organisms don't expend energy, and their body temperature changes with their environment; they are called ectotherms
Examples of endotherms v ectotherms
- Birds, mammals, marsupials and monotremes are examples of endotherms
- Reptiles, fish, insects, plants and invertebrates are examples of ectotherms
Thermoregulation Strategies
- Endotherms live in more extreme environments, since their bodies can adjust and keep them warm or cold enough to survive, and their metabolism is temperature independent
- Endotherms need lots of food, about 5x as much as an ectotherm of the same size
- Ectotherms can live in very cold or hot environments, so they can bury underground or find other ways to escape the heat as their metabolism is temperature dependent
Osmoregulation
- Two key physiological variables maintained: water level & the level of ions such as Na+ and Cl-
- In humans and mammals, osmoregulation filters out salts and water from the blood and gets rid of excess in urine through the kidney
- Plants do this as well; for example, mangrove trees live in saltwater and remove excess salt through special pores
Osmotic equilibrium
- Organisms have evolved a variety of strategies to maintain osmotic equilibrium
- Organisms in an aquatic environment can conform to the osmolarity of their environment or regulate their internal environment
- Osmoregulators regulate their internal environment and get rid of ions and water when necessary, which requires a lot of energy
- The salinity of the aquatic environment has a major impact on osmoregulatory organisms
- Osmoconformers do not spend energy regulating their internal environment, but they are tied to a specific osmolarity, which limits their range
Big Physiological Ideas.
- What happens when a physiological variable moves too far from the set point?
- How do body systems differ between species?
The Hierarchy of Life
- Atoms -> molecules -> genes -> organelles -> cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms -> populations of one species -> ecosystems of different species
- Physiology is the science of life
The Hierarchy of Life.
- On the first day of this unit, we examined a continuum of physiology
The Hierarchy of Life seven functions
- The first component is cells, the smallest component of life that can perform seven of the functions of life
- Metabolism: energy conversion
- Reproduction: heredity
- Homeostasis: internal environment
- Growth: get bigger
- Response: react to stimuli and adapt
- Excretion: get rid of waste and toxins
- Nutrition: energy source
Multicellular Organisms
- While some organisms are unicellular, many are multicellular
- In multicellular organisms, tissues are a group of cells that perform a particular function and tend to have structures to allow them to perform that function
- After tissues comes organs, structures composed of multiple tissues that work together to perform a specific function
Multicellular Organisms Organ Systems
- In multicellular organisms, multiple organs create an organ system
- The respiratory system includes the; Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs
- There are many organ systems, with specific functions necessary for organs, including respiratory, nervous, digestive, circulatory, endocrine, excretory, integumentary, muscular, skeletal, and reproductive
Lesson 3: Heart Rate Lab Day!
- Heart Rate CER uses Vernier Heart Rate monitors to collect data
Lesson 4: The Respiratory System
- The content of the lesson is about analyzing the structure and function of the respiratory system.
- The lesson also includes using precise vocabulary to describe the system, its structure, and its functions
Physiology Big Ideas
- What happens when a physiological variable moves too far from set point?
- How do body systems differ between species?
The Respiratory System
- The Structure of the Respiratory System
- Emphysema and Lung Cancer
- Measuring Ventilation
- Inspiration & Expiration
- Respiration in Different Organisms
The Structure of the Respiratory System
- The respiratory system serves as a passageway for gases; oxygen enters, and carbon dioxide exits the human body
- Key organs: nasal cavity, trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, intercostal muscles, and diaphragm
The Structure of the Respiratory System function
- The function of the respiratory system is to get oxygen to the body and carbon dioxide out
- Gas exchange happens in the capillaries.
- The alveoli are small sac-like structures covered in capillaries where gas exchange happens
- The structure of alveoli provides a large surface area for this purpose
Inspiration & Expiration
- Lungs do not move on their own; they are compressed or allowed to expand based on the movement of other muscles, like the diaphragm
- The key muscles are the diaphragm and the intercostal, which increase and decrease the size of the thoracic cavity
Inspiration & Expiration notes
- Write out the steps of breathing, including the pressure changes and movement of the diaphragm/intercostal muscles
- Notes should include each anatomical structure air passes through and a minimum of 8 steps for inspiration and 8 for expiration
Intercostal Muscles (how air passes when muscle structures move)
- The diaphragm contracts, moving down
- The external intercostal muscles contract, moving the rib cage outwards
- This increases the size of the chest, increasing its volume and decreasing the pressure
- The air from the environment enters the lower pressure lungs through the nose, trachea, and into the alveoli for gas exchange (O₂ into the bloodstream & CO₂ out of the blood)
- The diaphragm relaxes moving up
- The internal intercostal muscles contract, pulling the rib cage inwards
- This decreases the size of the chest, decreasing its volume and increasing the pressure
- Air (now full of CO2) moves toward the low pressure environment outside the body via the bronchioles, the bronchi, the trachea and then through the nose/mouth
Emphysema & Lung Cancer
- Emphysema is a chronic, slowly progressing disease turns healthy alveoli into irregular structures with large holes
- Lung cancer is cell growth in the lungs that metastasizes to the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands
- Lung tissue is consumed by cancerous growth and is no longer functional
- The major cause of both these diseases is tobacco smoke; however, pollution, environmental factors, and genetics can also contribute
Measuring Ventilation
- Peak flow meters allow the maximum rate of expiration to be measured and is useful for people with asthma or other respiratory ailments
- Stethoscopes allow medical professionals to listen to the lungs, trachea & hear irregularities in ventilation
Respiration in Different Organisms
- Insects have spiracles for gas exchange. Spiders have book lungs
- Sponges take in gases dissolved in seawater; many terrestrial animals have lungs similar to our own
- Compare and contrast the human respiratory system to that of the fish
- Squids conduct gas exchange
Lesson 6: Coordinating Physiological Responses
- Content: analyze the structure and function of the endocrine and nervous systems
- Language: use precise vocabulary to describe these systems, their structure, and functions
Coordinating Physiological Responses
- Control Center, Receptors & Effectors and the Endocrine System
- The Nervous System
- Nocturnal vs. Diurnal Organisms
Control Center, Effectors & Receptors
- Recall, Control Center, Effectors & Receptors are key components of every feedback loop
- The hypothalamus of the brain is the control center
- Effectors of the heart include the Kidneys, Heart, Pancreas, and Muscle cells
- Receptors: chemoreceptors, SA and AV nodes of the heart, and adrenoreceptors
Option for signal
- When the Control center signals an effector, it may use several different options
- Nervous signal (SA & AV node)
- Peripheral nervous system vs central nervous system
- Hormone signal through the endocrine system (melatonin, insulin)
- Options exist for receptors to signal the Control center
The Nervous System
- Nervous system components are: central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral
- Autonomic processes control self-regulated action, and somatic controls voluntary movements
The Nervous System
- The human nervous system contains approximately 86 billion neurons in the adult brain and 15,000 billion synapses
- The neuron is a specialized cells send signals (with dendrites at one end to receive signals and terminal buttons at the other end to send the signal along) across a tiny gap called the synapse
- The signal is electrical, but moves to another a neuron via neurotransmitters to send different signals
The Endocrine System
- The endocrine system is made up of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroids
- The endocrine system is also made up of adrenal glands, the pancreas, and sex organs (testis, ovary)
- The endocrine system relies on signals glands to special receptor cells
The Endocrine System Hormones
- The gland is sent a signal via the nervous system, which produces hormones
- Insulin (a hormone) is secreted from the pancreas (a gland) to signal cells
Negative feedback
- Blood sugar is maintained by a pair of hormones; insulin & glucagon produced by the pancreas
- When glucose levels are too high, the body signals the pancreas(gland) to release insulin(hormone), which decreases the bodies glucose levels
- When glucose levels are too low, the body signals the pancreas(gland) to release glucagon(hormone), which increases the bodies glucose levels
Melatonin
- Melatonin is a critical hormone in regulating the circadian rhythm in humans
- Produced by the Pineal gland and is stimulated by darkness
- Melatonin signals cells to slow down, reduce respiration rate and body temperature
Nocturnal vs. Diurnal Organisms
- SCN is part of the brain, it regulates circadian rhythm
- CORT refers to glucocorticoids, regulating metabolic activity and inflammation
- Leptin is a hormone that regulates your appetite
Lesson 7: The Digestive System
- The language is specialized to explain the process of digestion
- The purpose of digestion to maintain homeostasis
The Digestive System and Enzymes
- The purpose of digestion is to get what it needs to survive
- The main molecules absorbed are proteins, lipids, carbs, minerals and vitamins
- Digestion involves mechanical and chemical parts
The Digestive System Pathway
- The mouth contains saliva, which lubricates the mouth and begins digestion
- The bolus moves down through peristalsis into the stomach, where it becomes chyme, then it enters the small intestine
- Additional fulids continue digestion and bile from the gallbladder(produced by the liver) is mixed in
- Small intestines break down molecules, and are absorbed into the bloodstream.
- The chyme moves through the small intestine and waste moves to the large intestine/colon which it reabsorbs based on the the body needs
- Finally, the remains/ waste sits in until its expelled.
Breaking molecules, digestion
- Enzymes break down molecules that are to big to be observed.
- Enzymes are important for breaking down starch, into glucose
- These molecules that are broken down will need certain ezymes
There are different Ezymes depending on Location within digestion.
- Amylase starts off in the mouth &then continues to down starch in the small intestine along with maltase
- For protein, pepsin is in the stomach
- To break down a specific molecule that the enzyme is found in different parts
Starch and Glucose
- Good carbs ex. are is the change from starch to glucose to glycogen
- Glucose is a subunit of many carbs: sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellulose & starch
Lesson 7: Carbon & Physiology
- Prefixes and suffixes can be used to break down large words in Biology
- Analyze the role compounds in physiology with a focus on carbon
Physiology Big Ideas
- How does carbon move within molecules, cells, systems, and organisms? How does it help homeostatis
The Magic of Carbon
- Carbon can can form single, double & triple bonds, as rings and organic molecules as they have a half full valance
- Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphorus can all be found in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
There are many different Carbon Compounds
- Some examples, which can be helpful to know more, include starch glucose
- Your liver converts glucose to glycogen
The Four Macromolecules of Life
- Health and nutrition have a number of Macromolecules such as; Carbs, Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic Acid
- Digestion examines the first three and carbohydrates
Lesson 8: The Circulatory System
- The content is understanding and recognizing the structure and function. describing sequential movement through the heart
- Sequential language is used to understand and follow movement through the hearth
The Circulatory System Importance and Pathway
- The highway of the body, carries different substance around. Ex. oxygen, carbs, hormones and different types of cells
- Blood vessels carry out specific functions
Veins And Arteries and Capillaries.
- There are three main types of vessels. Carry out functions with the different structure
- Veins: blood back is collected. The valves will prevent backflow for what would travel, it is low pressure. Arteries; wall help them. Carries blood away
- Veins have a thinner wall, one way direction, no backflow, lower pressure. Carries to the body after function is carried out.
- Thin to help reach all of the smaller matter or tissues etc. this is the exchange of gases
The heart has the following chambers.
- The heart can be thought of as chamber for (atria/atrium), pumps and (ventricle) send the blood away to help help with artery
- There are 4 valves to prevent flow of blood. And flow/move/mix with blood Prevent with to each to and from and blood
Put in order • Blood to the the is which. And then
Vertebrates
-
Vertebrates: have a are you include and birds
-
Backbone-less - ex jelly, and what the . Can be different with back. There is a system. The heart can blood hear.
Homeostasis
- Control to is needs to of with
- Is and is. For that with as the needs
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