Behavioural Psychology: Conditioning Theories
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Questions and Answers

What type of schema is specifically related to how we understand our own perceptions and self-concept?

  • Role schema
  • Event schema
  • Social schema
  • Self-schema (correct)

    • Which type of schema tends to guide us through performing specific tasks or actions?

  • Social schema
  • Scripts (correct)
  • Role schema
  • Person schema

    • What is one limitation of schemas as discussed?

  • Schemas can be too detailed.
  • Schemas are only based on current experiences.
  • They can lead to errors by not always reflecting reality. (correct)
  • They are universally applicable to all situations.

    • What main goal does cognitive-behavioral therapy aim to achieve?

    <p>Modify or replace negative or irrational beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Albert Ellis, what can individuals do to lessen their emotional distress?

    <p>Learn to maximize rational thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of a secure attachment in children?

    <p>They develop a close attachment to their mother figure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may happen if a mother and baby are separated immediately after birth?

    <p>There can be a failure to bond and relationship problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a disorganized attachment style manifest in children?

    <p>They may both seek and avoid comfort simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do caregivers play in the attachment styles of children?

    <p>They are often abusive or inconsistent in their responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as children move from childhood to adolescence regarding their secure base?

    <p>They continue to rely on their secure base for emotional support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of positive reinforcement?

    <p>It results in receiving a reward that encourages repetition of behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a variable-ratio schedule, when is reinforcement delivered?

    <p>After an unpredictable number of responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of punishment in behavior modification?

    <p>To decrease undesired behavior by following it with a consequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does behavior shaping involve?

    <p>Reinforcing responses that are gradually closer to the desired behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might praise decrease levels of long-term motivation according to recent studies?

    <p>Because individuals become reliant on external rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the study by Deci in 1972 regarding reward and task engagement?

    <p>Participants chose to switch activities after the reward period ended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is endorsed for fostering motivation over extrinsic rewards like praise?

    <p>Encouraging intrinsic motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of behaviorism based on the context provided?

    <p>It may lead to a reduction in interest in tasks due to over-reliance on rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Ellis's view on emotions?

    <p>Emotions are influenced by our thoughts and beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the ABC model of REBT, what does the letter 'B' stand for?

    <p>Belief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to REBT, which of the following is NOT one of the three main core beliefs humans have?

    <p>Life should always be fair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step after identifying a belief (B) in the REBT model?

    <p>Disputation of the belief (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does James Lange's theory of emotion describe the relationship between physiological responses and emotions?

    <p>Physiological responses lead to emotional experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the concept of appraisal in Lazarus' transactional model of stress?

    <p>To understand an individual's subjective interpretation of stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique does Ellis use to help clients change their beliefs?

    <p>Disputation of irrational beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might excessive health anxiety lead to according to the content?

    <p>Frequent body checks and reassurance-seeking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What need becomes more important after safety needs are satisfied?

    <p>Love and belongingness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of love is associated with selfless love and care for others?

    <p>B-Love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Maslow identify as the primary cause of mental illness?

    <p>Failure to gratify fundamental needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for moments of self-actualization?

    <p>Peak Experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Maslow view the relationship between interpersonal factors and psychopathology?

    <p>They are crucial determinants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a core feature of flourishing?

    <p>Income level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary motivation is defined as performing an activity for its own sake?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence of mental well-being?

    <p>Languishing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can create a state of 'flow' according to the content?

    <p>Facing a challenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does Maslow's theory largely ignore in understanding mental illness?

    <p>Biological vulnerabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does resilience primarily describe in terms of individual and group responses?

    <p>The capability to quickly recover from adverse events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suggested positivity ratio for overcoming negative experiences?

    <p>3:1 positivity to negativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered essential for a person's growth according to Carl Rogers?

    <p>An environment providing acceptance and empathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Rogers, what leads to optimal development and psychological well-being?

    <p>Congruence between self and self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'unconditional positive regard' as described by Rogers?

    <p>Valuing someone regardless of their actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does self-concept contribute to a person's identity according to Rogers?

    <p>It is socially constructed based on others' evaluations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept did Rogers disagree with in Freud's theories?

    <p>The idea of conflict resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do 'conditions of worth' play in a person's psychological development?

    <p>They create barriers to self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Behavioural Psychology

    • Behavioural psychology studies observable external behaviours.
    • Major influences include classical and operant conditioning.

    Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

    • Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, initially studied digestion in dogs.
    • He experimented with dogs, pairing a neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) with a stimulus that naturally triggered a response (e.g., food).
    • The dogs learned to associate the neutral stimulus with the response.
    • This learned response is a classical conditioned response.

    Watson and Rayner's Classical Conditioning of Emotions

    • Phobias can be learned through classical conditioning.
    • A child's fear response can generalize to other similar stimuli.

    Skinner's Operant Conditioning

    • Skinner developed operant conditioning.
    • It focuses on how behaviour is influenced by rewards and punishments.
    • Skinner's box is a laboratory tool to study operant conditioning.
    • Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour (e.g., giving reward to the dog for a specific behaviour).
    • Negative reinforcement increases a behaviour by removing unpleasant stimuli (e.g., the removal of an unpleasant treatment or medicine if a child behaves in a certain way).

    Variable-Ratio Schedule

    • In this schedule, reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses.
    • This results in stable response rates.

    Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory

    • Social learning theory proposes that we learn through observation.
    • Key example provided is the Bobo Doll Experiment.

    Attachment Theory

    • The strong bond formed between a child and its primary caregiver(s).
    • This bond is largely biologically based.
    • It is important in maintaining proximity and comfort for safety.
    • Attachment styles will affect the adult's behaviour and relationships.

    Child Development

    • Development occurs through biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes, all occurring since conception and continuing throughout the lifetime.
    • These processes interact with one another.
    • Nature and nurture both play critical roles in development.

    Piaget's Cognitive Development

    • Cognitive development stages highlight how a child develops different thinking skills and processes to make sense of the world.
    • Stages are Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

    Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

    • Emphasizes the importance of social interactions in cognitive development.
    • Concept of 'zone of proximal development (ZPD)' is crucial for understanding potential learning.

    Cognitive Psychology

    • Explains mental processing as an information-processing system.
    • Views the mind as a system that takes in information, processes it, and produces output.

    Cognitive Theory of Emotions

    • Emotions are influenced by appraisal/interpretation of an event.
    • Two key theories mentioned include the James-Lange and Lazarus theories.

    Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

    • A form of therapy that targets thoughts and beliefs which affect emotions and behaviours.
    • The techniques involve modifying or replacing negative or irrational thoughts.

    Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Presents needs in a hierarchical order, with basic needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top.
    • The model suggests an individual must satisfy lower-level needs before moving to higher-level needs.
    • The needs have been debated as the theory relies on self-reporting and observation.

    Humanistic Theories (Rogers)

    • Focuses on personal growth and the importance of self-actualisation.
    • Emphasizes individual experiences and personal responsibility.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of behavioural psychology, focusing on classical and operant conditioning. Learn about the experiments of Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner, and how these theories explain observable behaviors and emotional responses. This quiz covers key principles and applications of conditioning in psychology.

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