Anthropology Quiz on Hominins and Discoveries
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Questions and Answers

Which discovery by Raymond Dart provided evidence of bipedalism in an ancient hominin species?

  • The analysis of the cranial capacity of a fossil of a child.
  • The identification of a skull with a specific attachment to the spine. (correct)
  • The discovery of footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania.
  • The presence of tools found near the fossil remains.

How did Mary Leakey's discovery of footprints in Laetoli, Tanzania contribute to the understanding of early hominins?

  • It demonstrated the use of tools by early hominins.
  • It revealed details of the diet of early hominins.
  • It offered insights into the emotional behavior of ancient humans.
  • It provided evidence of bipedal locomotion in a specific species. (correct)

What is a significance difference between the Taung Child skull discovered by Raymond Dart and other primate fossils of the same time?

  • The Taung Child fossil had a smaller brain compared to primates.
  • The Taung Child had evidence of a divergent toe.
  • The manner of the skull attaching to the spine indicated bipedal movement. (correct)
  • The species was discovered in East Africa, unlike other primate fossils.

What was the primary contribution of Jane Goodall to our understanding of chimpanzees?

<p>Establishing that chimpanzees engage in tool use, meat consumption, and experience emotions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Leakey family’s approach to physical anthropology and paleoanthropology differ from other researchers of their time?

<p>They focused on how culture is progressive and similar to non-human primates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of anthropology focuses on the study of past cultures through the excavation and reconstruction of physical remains?

<p>Archeology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea that all cultures are equally valid and should be understood on their own terms is known as:

<p>Cultural Relativism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of 'Lucy', discovered by Donald Johanson, provided evidence of bipedalism?

<p>The inward slant of her thigh bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the work of an ethnologist?

<p>Immersing themselves in a culture for years to take meticulous notes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of the differences and similarities in the physical characteristics of existing human populations is known as:

<p>Human Variation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anthropologist is known for discovering 'Ardi', which is considered to be a very old hominin skeleton?

<p>Dr. Lovejoy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between 'Lucy' and 'Ardi' in the context of human evolution?

<p>'Ardi' shows closer resemblance to modern humans than to contemporary apes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an individual judges another culture based on their own cultural standards and values, what is this called?

<p>Ethnocentrism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is best known for their study of gorillas in Rwanda?

<p>Dian Fossey (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Franz Boas's concept of cultural relativism?

<p>All cultures are equally valid and should be understood in their own terms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Margaret Mead's research, which factor is most influential in shaping an individual's personality?

<p>The society in which one lives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant methodological challenge faced by Ruth Benedict in her research?

<p>Her hearing impairment preventing living with her study subjects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Konrad Lorenz is known for his studies in ethology, specifically focusing on which concept?

<p>The concept of imprinting in birds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept behind Bronislaw Malinowski's functionalism?

<p>Every element of culture fulfills a vital function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Claude-Levi Strauss is most associated with which theoretical framework in anthropology?

<p>Structuralism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Noam Chomsky, what role does genetics play in the development of language?

<p>Brains are naturally wired for language acquisition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human societies did Richard Borshay Lee's study of the !Kung San focus on?

<p>The importance of sharing and co-operation for success. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, what is the primary role of the ego?

<p>To mediate between the id's demands and the constraints of reality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of a 'feral child'?

<p>A child raised in isolation with limited human interaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the superego according to Freudian theory?

<p>Enforcing morality and societal expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'socialization' primarily involve?

<p>The process of learning to behave in a way acceptable to society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Freudian concept is most associated with repressed desires manifesting into dreams?

<p>Wish fulfillment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these scientists most strongly supported the 'nature' argument when explaining human behavior?

<p>Konrad Lorenz (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud consider to be the driving force behind a 'Freudian slip'?

<p>The unconscious expression of the id's desires. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scientists adopted a cultural relativist viewpoint in their research?

<p>Ruth Benedict (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary focus of libido during the oral stage of psychosexual development?

<p>Seeking pleasure through the mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is Birute Galdikas most closely associated with in the study of orangutans?

<p>The documentation of their long birth cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychosexual stages, what potential issue can arise from fixation during the anal stage?

<p>A compulsive need to be in control and organized (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anthropologists lived with the people they were studying?

<p>Margaret Mead (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 'iceberg model' in Freud's theory of personality?

<p>It visualizes the conscious and unconscious mind. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theories, what might be the cause of a neurotic disorder?

<p>Imbalances between the id, ego and superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Freud view a healthy person's personality structure?

<p>Guided by a strong and realistic ego. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary function of the unconscious mind?

<p>To store our thoughts, feelings, and memories we are unaware of (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of primary socialization?

<p>Learning in childhood through exposure and teaching (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Darwin's theory of natural selection?

<p>The best adapted genes allow a member of a species to survive and pass on its characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a core physical characteristic of humans?

<p>Use of tools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to say that culture is 'shared'?

<p>Culture becomes part of the group when a group of people think and act in similar ways. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when it is said 'culture defines nature'?

<p>Culture influences how biological needs are manifested. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does the 'nurture' side of the nature vs. nurture debate emphasize?

<p>The influence of the environment and learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Koko's experience in captivity demonstrate the impact of nurture?

<p>Her behaviour was changed by socialization when she was taught. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the psychological branch of 'behaviourism' according to the text?

<p>External behaviours, relationships and observed actions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of psychology would be MOST interested in the study of optical illusions?

<p>Structuralism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the branch of 'humanism' differ from 'behaviourism' in Psychology according to the text?

<p>Humanism believes people have control over their lives, while behaviourism sees behaviour influenced by environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines the psychological theory of 'functionalism'?

<p>The study of how mental processes adapt to the environment for survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that would be associated with ‘culture’ according to the provided text?

<p>A predetermined unchangeable set of ideas and practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did people not accept Darwin's first book, “The Origin of Species”, at first?

<p>It did not explicitly mention how humans were affected by it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of 'psychoanalysis'?

<p>To uncover unconscious thoughts and motivations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a psychologist is studying memory, learning, and decision making, which branch of psychology are they most closely aligned to?

<p>Cognitive psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, which of the following is considered more influential in shaping behavior?

<p>Positive reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Milgram’s obedience experiments, what was the key finding that explained why participants continued to administer shocks to the 'learner'?

<p>Obedience to authority figures, especially those willing to take responsibility (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys primarily demonstrate about early development?

<p>The strong need for emotional comfort provided by the surrogate cloth mother rather than that provided by food. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the term used to describe individuals who have reached their maximum potential?

<p>Self-actualizing person (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily associated with memory formation?

<p>Temporal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, 'perception' is influenced by which of the following factors?

<p>The object itself, background surroundings, and personal experiences/feelings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Rorschach Inkblot test?

<p>To examine a person’s personality through inkblot interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference described between Psychopaths and Sociopaths in the text?

<p>Sociopaths are more methodical and are better at appearing 'normal' in society, compared to psychopaths (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nature vs. nurture, which of the following pair of researchers are considered under the 'nurture' side?

<p>Skinner and Pavlov (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generally meant by the term 'neurosis' in the context of abnormal psychology?

<p>A general term referring to mental distress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freudian theory, what could result from a lack of attention during potty training?

<p>An anal expulsive personality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the phallic stage in Freud’s theory?

<p>Becoming aware of sexual differences and experiencing the Oedipus complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's theory suggests that boys may subconsciously seek partners who resemble which figure?

<p>Their mother (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the latency stage?

<p>Dormant sexual feelings and a focus on making friends (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Alfred Adler fundamentally differ from Freud in understanding the key motivations of personality?

<p>Adler emphasized the feeling of power, whereas Freud focused on sexuality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Adler, what is a primary cause of maladjustment?

<p>Pursuing useless goals due to a lack of self-esteem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Carl Jung's theory of personality?

<p>A collective unconscious of ancestral memories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jung, what are the two basic personality types?

<p>Introvert and Extrovert (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of Karen Horney to psychoanalytic theory?

<p>Bringing feminist perspectives into psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

<p>Psychosocial (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Erik Erikson's theory emphasize that distinguishes it from Freud's theory?

<p>The influence of society and relationships on development across the lifetime (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Erik Erikson term the time in a teenager's life filled with self-consciousness?

<p>The Identity Crisis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of John Watson's 'Baby Albert' experiment?

<p>Demonstrating classical conditioning of fear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Ivan Pavlov conduct his famed experiments?

<p>By observing the digestive patterns of dogs in response to feeding stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key principle of classical conditioning?

<p>Pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to provoke a conditioned response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is classified as a neurotic disorder?

<p>Panic Attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness?

<p>Repression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by overwhelming anxiety related to being in crowded places?

<p>Agoraphobia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the founding of modern sociology and functionalism?

<p>Emile Durkheim (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'anomie' as coined by Emile Durkheim?

<p>Alienation or normlessness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Max Weber's theories in sociology?

<p>The role of middle class and other power sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'class conflict' as introduced by Karl Marx refer to?

<p>Uneven distribution of wealth and power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common examples of psychosis?

<p>Hallucinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In sociology, what is defined as the process of learning acceptable behaviors in society?

<p>Socialization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Auguste Comte play in the study of sociology?

<p>He coined the term sociology and emphasized positivism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major factor in Anna's poor physical and psychological development during her isolation?

<p>Lack of physical activity due to confinement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Isabelle's mother contribute to her lack of social skills?

<p>By isolating her due to her own disabilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant aspect of Anna's recovery after being placed in a new environment?

<p>She showed increased responsiveness to social interaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the concept of 'nurture' as demonstrated by Anna and Isabelle?

<p>Nurturing environments can help children recover from neglect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the consequences of Anna's extreme isolation in childhood?

<p>Her social and communicative abilities were severely impaired. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the relationship between socialization and development from Anna's case?

<p>Socialization is crucial for normal development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the methods used to help Anna in her recovery?

<p>Consistent attention and nurturing care. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theory can be applied to Anna's and Isabelle’s cases regarding their recovery?

<p>Developmental psychology emphasizes the influence of environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Isabelle's recovery was notable compared to her earlier behavior?

<p>She learned to communicate effectively. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a shared obstacle faced by both Anna and Isabelle during their development?

<p>Isolation from normal social interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn about the impact of nurturing in contexts similar to Anna's and Isabelle's?

<p>Change is possible; nurturing can lead to substantial improvements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did psychological analysis reveal about Isabelle's initial behavior towards strangers?

<p>Her behavior displayed signs of animalistic fear and confusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of socialization, what lesson can be learned from the cases of Anna and Isabelle?

<p>Socialization is critical for effective communication and emotional growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Physical Anthropology

The study of the physical similarities and differences between humans and other species, and how humans have developed biologically over time.

Paleoanthropology

The study of bones and stone remains from human ancestors, using them to understand ancient human life and evolution.

Human Variation

The study of physical differences and similarities among existing human populations, considering factors like genetics, anatomy, and adaptation to different environments.

Cultural Relativism

The idea that all cultures are equally valid and should be understood in their own context.

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Ethnocentrism

The act of judging another culture based on the values and standards of one's own culture, often leading to prejudice and discrimination.

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Primatology

The study of primates, including monkeys, apes, and humans, focusing on their behavior, social structures, and evolution.

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Linguistics

The study of the history and structure of language and how humans use language in different societies and contexts.

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Archeology

The study of physical remains of past cultures, uncovering and interpreting artifacts, settlements, and other evidence to understand ancient human societies.

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Australopithecus africanus

An early hominid species discovered in South Africa by Raymond Dart in 1924. This species exhibited a mix of human-like and primate features, including bipedalism, but with a brain size closer to that of a primate. Its name, Australopithecus africanus, reflects its location and ape-like characteristics.

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Laetoli Footprints

A fossilized set of footprints discovered in Laetoli, Tanzania, dated back to 3.6 million years ago. These footprints were most likely made by Australopithecus afarensis, as their fossils were found in the same area. The footprints provide strong evidence for bipedalism in this species, as they show a lack of divergent toes.

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Raymond Dart

A leading paleontologist who discovered the skull of Australopithecus africanus in Taung, South Africa in 1924. His discovery provided significant evidence for the early stages of human evolution and contributed to the understanding of bipedalism. He believed that this species was an ancestor of modern humans.

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Leakey Angels

Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, and Biruté Galdikas, three prominent researchers who studied primates in their natural habitats. They made significant contributions to our understanding of primate behavior and challenged the traditional view of primates as simple, unintelligent animals.

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Unconscious Mind

The part of our mind that holds all our thoughts, feelings, and memories that we are unaware of.

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Id

The part of our mind that is responsible for our basic instincts and desires, like food, sleep, and sex.

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Ego

The part of our mind that mediates between the id and the superego, taking into account reality and making decisions.

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Superego

The part of our mind that represents our conscience and morals, telling us right from wrong.

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Neurosis

A conflict or struggle between the id, ego, and superego, which can lead to neurotic disorders.

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Psychosexual Stages of Development

A theory that explains personality development in a series of stages, each centered around biological drives, which influence adult behavior.

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Oral Stage

The first stage (0-2 years old) in which infants derive pleasure from oral activities like sucking and eating. If not properly fulfilled, it can lead to issues like overeating, smoking or talking excessively.

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Anal Stage

The second stage (2-3 years old) where children experience pleasure from controlling their bowel movements. Not properly addressing this stage can lead to anal-rententive personality, like being overly organized or controlling.

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Dream Interpretation

Freud's theory that dreams are a window into our unconscious mind, representing repressed desires and anxieties.

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Theory of Personality

Freud's theory that personality is shaped by the interaction of three mental structures: the id, ego, and superego.

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Ethology

The study of how animals behave in their natural environment, comparing their instincts and behavior to humans.

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Socialization

The process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society. It is strongest in the first four years of life.

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Functionalism

The theory that every cultural element has a specific function or purpose in maintaining the social order and survival of a culture.

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Feral Child

A wild child raised without human contact, often lacking basic skills and socialization.

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Language Acquisition Theory

The idea that language acquisition is innate, meaning we are born with a predisposition for learning language.

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Universal Grammar Theory

The theory that all human languages share a common underlying structure, suggesting a universal grammar.

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Personality is Learned

The idea that individual personality is heavily influenced by the society in which they live.

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Structuralism

The study of patterns in culture that are compared and contrasted, often using binary opposites.

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Violence is Instinctive (but Controllable)

The concept that individuals learn to control instinctive tendencies, particularly violence, through socialization and cultural influences.

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Objectivity in Cultural Study

The ability to understand another culture's values, beliefs, and practices without judgment or bias.

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Ethnography

A close study of a specific culture or group, often involving living among them and participating in their daily life.

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Cultural Custodian

An individual who has a strong connection to a particular culture, often demonstrating deep knowledge of their cultural practices, language, and traditions.

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Imprinting

The tendency for individuals to follow the first moving object after hatching, mistaking it for their parent.

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Nature Argument

The argument that human behavior is primarily influenced by innate biological factors rather than environmental influences.

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Primary Socialization

The process of learning and developing the norms, values, beliefs, and behaviors of a society or culture. It is how individuals become members of a society.

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Charles Darwin

A naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He observed that species adapt to their environment over time and that those best suited for survival pass their traits to their offspring.

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Evolution

The process by which organisms evolve over generations to better adapt to their environment. It is driven by natural selection.

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Natural Selection

The process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those advantageous traits to their offspring. This drives evolution.

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Complex Brain

The ability for complex thinking, problem-solving, and abstract reasoning.

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Opposable Thumbs

Thumbs that can oppose other fingers, providing dexterity and precision in grasping objects.

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Vocal Apparatus

The physical structure that allows humans to produce a wide range of sounds for communication and speech.

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Bipedalism

The ability to walk upright on two legs.

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Culture is Learned

The ability to be taught and influenced by others through social interaction. It is a key element in how we learn and develop.

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Culture is Shared

Shared beliefs, values, practices, and knowledge that define a group of people.

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Culture Defines Nature

The way culture influences our biological needs and inherited tendencies.

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Culture Shapes Perception

How culture influences our understanding and perception of the world. Culture shapes our biases and perspectives.

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Culture Has Patterns

The interconnectedness of cultural elements, meaning changes in one part of the culture will influence other aspects.

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Culture Has Core Values

The core values, beliefs, and practices that distinguish one culture from another.

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Definition of Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior. It explores mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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Operant Conditioning

The process of learning by associating a behavior with a consequence, either positive (reward) or negative (punishment).

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Positive Reinforcement

An event or situation that increases the likelihood of a behavior happening again.

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Negative Reinforcement

An event or situation that decreases the likelihood of a behavior happening again.

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Stanley Milgram

A psychologist known for his experiments on obedience and authority, demonstrating that people tend to obey authority figures even if it conflicts with their morals.

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Milgram's Obedience Experiment

An experiment where participants (teachers) were instructed to administer electric shocks to a learner (actor) when they answered questions incorrectly. The experiment highlighted the power of obedience to authority.

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Harry Harlow

A psychologist known for his research on social isolation and the importance of early social bonding in primates.

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Harlow's Social Isolation Experiments

Experiments involving young rhesus monkeys raised in isolation from their mothers, revealing the severe psychological and developmental consequences of social deprivation.

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Abraham Maslow

A psychologist who proposed a hierarchy of needs, suggesting that humans have a basic set of needs that must be fulfilled in a specific order for self-actualization.

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Self-Actualization

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, representing the fulfillment of one's potential and the pursuit of personal growth.

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B Values

Values that are important in defining one's being and are associated with self-actualization.

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Psychosis

A mental state involving the loss of contact with reality, causing the deterioration of normal social functioning, requiring medical intervention for a functional life.

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Denial

The refusal to accept reality and to act as if a painful event, thought or feeling did not exist.

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Regression

The reversion to an earlier stage of development in the face of an unacceptable impulse.

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Repression

The blocking of unacceptable impulses from consciousness, repressing thoughts and feelings.

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Rationalization

The cognitive reframing of one's perceptions to protect the ego in the face of changing realities, an excuse for behaviour.

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Fantasy

The channeling of unacceptable or unattainable desires into imagination, living in a fantasy world.

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Sociology

The scientific study of individual behavior in a society; how individuals are influenced by groups. The study of society.

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Anomie

Coined by Émile Durkheim, it describes a state of alienation, disconnectedness, or normlessness individuals experience in society.

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Class Conflict

The economic and political tension that exists among social classes.

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Phallic Stage

A stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory where children (3-6 years old) become aware of sexual differences and experience the Oedipus complex (for boys) or Electra complex (for girls).

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Oedipus/Electra Complex

Unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the same-sex parent during the Phallic Stage.

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Oedipus Complex

A psychoanalytic theory by Freud that explains a boy's unconscious desire for his mother and a sense of rivalry with his father.

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Latency Stage

A stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory where children (6-Puberty) focus on making friends and learning social and intellectual skills. Libido is dormant.

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Genital Stage

The final stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory where individuals (Puberty-Death) develop a stronger sense of self and focus on mature intimacy in sexual relationships.

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Fixation

A concept in Freud's theory that refers to the redirection of energy towards a new, or even socially acceptable goal. Freud believed it was caused by unresolved issues from earlier stages.

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Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler's theory that emphasizes the feeling of inferiority and striving for power as the driving force behind human behavior.

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Inferiority Complex

A psychological state characterized by a feeling of intense insecurity, inferiority, or not measuring up. It is a key concept in Adler's Individual Psychology.

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Analytical Psychology

A theory by Carl Jung that acknowledges the importance of the unconscious as well as the collective unconscious, which is shared by all humans.

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Collective Unconscious

A collection of shared primordial images and inherited memory traces that shape our thoughts and behavior, according to Carl Jung.

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Introvert

A person who is focused inward, emotionally self-sufficient, and prefers solitude or smaller group gatherings.

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Extrovert

A person who draws energy from social interactions and prefers large groups or external stimulation.

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Jean Piaget

A French psychologist widely known for his theory of cognitive development, described in four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

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Erik Erikson

A German psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development, which focuses on the interplay between personal and social factors across eight stages throughout life.

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Identity Crisis

The core idea in Erikson's theory that refers to a period of intense self-reflection and exploration of identity during adolescence.

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Nurture

The idea that our development is influenced by the environment we are raised in, including social interactions, upbringing, and cultural norms.

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Nature

The idea that our development is primarily determined by our genes and biological inheritance.

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Social Interaction

The concept that social interaction and relationships are crucial for healthy development and well-being.

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Anna and Isabelle

Anna and Isabelle were neglected and isolated children who showed severe developmental delays due to a lack of social interaction and nurturing, highlighting the importance of social interaction for thriving.

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Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies used by the mind to protect oneself from anxiety or unwanted emotions, often involving distorting reality or avoiding difficult situations.

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Nature vs. Nurture

The idea that the same genes can lead to different outcomes depending on the environment and experiences during development, highlighting the interplay of nature and nurture.

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Anthropology

The study of human societies and cultures, focusing on their development, structures, and interactions.

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Psychology

The study of human behavior, cognition, and emotions.

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Study Notes

Anthropology

  • Anthropology is the study of human species and their cultures.
  • Branches:
    • Physical Anthropology: Examines physical similarities/differences between humans and other species, and human biological development.
    • Paleoanthropology: Studies ancestral bones and stone remains (e.g., Johanson, Dart, Leakeys, Lovejoy).
    • Human Variation: Studies physical differences/similarities in existing populations (e.g., Darwin).
    • Primatology: Studies primates (e.g., Goodall, Fossey, Galdikas).
    • Ethology: Study of animal instincts (e.g., Konrad Lorenz).
    • Epidemiology: Studies disease occurrence in different groups and reasons (health risks).
    • Cultural Anthropology: Examines how culture shapes life and different cultural settings (cultural anthropologists study diverse cultures).
    • Archeology: Studies past cultures through excavation and reconstruction.
    • Ethnology: Immersion in cultures for detailed notes (e.g., Mead, Franz Boas, Richard Lee).
    • Linguistics: Studies language history/structure and human use (Noam Chomsky).
  • Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism:
    • Cultural Relativism: All cultures are equally valid (Franz Boas).
    • Ethnocentrism: Judging another culture as inferior to one's own.

Important Anthropologists

  • Donald Johanson:
    • 1973: Discovered a 3.1-million-year-old bipedal knee joint in Hadar, Ethiopia.
    • 1974: Found Lucy (40% complete skeleton), 3.2 million years old, bipedal, small brain, fruit-eater.
    • Species: Australopithecus afarensis (Afar Region).
  • Ardi (Ardipithecus ramidus):
    • 1992: Discovered in the Afar Region (Ethiopia) by Dr. Lovejoy.
    • 4.4 million years old, bipedal and arboreal (capable of climbing).
    • Shares closer resemblance to modern humans than to modern apes.
  • Raymond Dart:
    • 1924: Found an australopithecine child's skull in Taung, South Africa (3.3 million years old).
    • Species: Australopithecus africanus (South Africa).
  • The Leakeys (Mary, Louis, Richard): Wealthy physical anthropologists focused on primate culture and progression.
    • Discovered footprints (3.6 million years old) in Laetoli, Tanzania (most likely Australopithecus afarensis).
    • Footprints indicated bipedalism—no divergent toe.
    • Found Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo neanderthalensis.

Leakey Angels - Pioneers in Primatology

  • Jane Goodall (Chimpanzees): Leakey's assistant; studied chimpanzee tool use, meat-eating, and emotions.
  • Dian Fossey (Gorillas): Studied gorilla hierarchy and social behavior in Rwanda; opposed poaching.
  • Biruté Galdikas (Orangutans): Studied orangutans in Borneo; documented long birth cycles.

Franz Boas & Margaret Mead

  • Franz Boas: Founder of modern cultural anthropology; promoted cultural relativism.
  • Margaret Mead: Ethnographer (lived among Samoan; studied cultural influence on personality; documented diverse gender roles).

Ruth Benedict

  • Studied Japanese culture and patterns in culture and individual traits

Konrad Lorenz

  • Austrian ethologist studying animal behavior (instinctive patterns; example: imprinting).

Bronislaw Malinowski

  • Founder of social anthropology and functionalism (every culture serves a function).

Claude Levi-Strauss

  • Developed structuralism, examining patterns in culture.

Noam Chomsky

  • Pioneer in linguistic anthropology; proposed universal grammar and language acquisition.

Richard Borshay Lee

  • Studied !Kung San (Bushmen) hunter-gatherer society in Botswana; emphasized sharing and cooperation.

Feral Children and Socialization

  • Feral children: Isolated children.
  • Socialization: Learning acceptable societal behaviors (crucial in early years).

Charles Darwin

  • Naturalist who developed the theory of natural selection (species evolve through adaptation).

Evolution vs. Natural Selection

  • Evolution: Change is a fact; natural selection explains how change occurs.

Psychology

  • Definition: The scientific study of mental processes and behavior.
  • Branches:
    • Structuralism: Wundt; studied sensation, perception, and attention (problem: truthfulness of participants).
    • Functionalism: James; connected to Darwin, interested in how mental characteristics aid survival.
    • Psychoanalysis: Freud; explores unconscious thoughts through talk therapy.
    • Behaviorism: Watson; emphasized observable behavior as the only data source.
    • Humanism: Maslow; emphasizes personal control and self-actualization.
    • Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes involved in memory, learning, thinking.

Sigmund Freud

  • Biography: Austrian physician and founder of psychoanalysis.
  • Psychoanalysis and Dreams: Believed dreams reveal unconscious desires and repressed desires.
  • Theory of Personality (id, ego, superego):
    • Id: Pleasure principle (instinctual, selfish - newborns).
    • Ego: Reality principle (balances id and superego).
    • Superego: Morality principle.

Psychosexual Stages of Development

  • Stage 1: Oral (0-2 years old): Libido focus on the mouth; fixation leads to trust issues or over-trusting personality traits.
  • Stage 2: Anal (2-3 years old): Libido focus on potty training; fixation leads to control issues (anal-retentive or expulsive).
  • Stage 3: Phallic (3-6 years old): Sexual awareness and Oedipus/Electra complexes.
  • Stage 4: Latency (6-Puberty): Dormant sexual feelings; development of social and intellectual skills.
  • Stage 5: Genital (Puberty-Death): Maturing intimacy.

Alfred Adler

  • Neo-Freudian: Disagreed with sexual motivation; emphasized feelings of power and inferiority/superiority complexes.

Carl Jung

  • Neo-Freudian: Disagreed with Freud's emphasis on sexuality; developed analytical psychology and the concept of the collective unconscious.

Karen Horney

  • Disagreed with Freud’s sexualization of personality.

Jean Piaget

  • Stages of Cognitive Development (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).

Erik Erikson

  • Stages of Psychosocial Development (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, etc.).

John Watson

  • Behaviorist who conducted the "Baby Albert" experiment.

Ivan Pavlov

  • Developed classical conditioning theory.

B.F. Skinner

  • Developed operant conditioning theory (positive and negative reinforcement).

Stanley Milgram

  • Obedience to authority; famous obedience study.

Harry Harlow

  • Rhesus monkey studies demonstrating the importance of emotional caregiving.

Abraham Maslow

  • Hierarchy of Needs; self-actualization.

Memory & Perception

  • Memory: Acquiring, retaining, and recalling knowledge.
  • Perception: Selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information.

Abnormal Psychology

  • Neurosis: Mental distress; individuals may use defense mechanisms.
  • Psychosis: Loss of contact with reality; requires professional help.

Sociology

  • Definition: Scientific study of individual behavior in society.
  • Key figures:
    • Auguste Comte: Founder of sociology; positivism.
    • Emile Durkheim: Founder of modern sociology; functionalism, anomie, suicide.
    • Karl Marx: Class conflict and economic inequality.
    • Max Weber: Beyond economic conflict; understanding of other sources of power.
    • Talcott Parsons: Unified perspective linking anthropology, sociology, and psychology (social norms and conformity).

Socialization and Social Institutions

  • Socialization: Learning acceptable behaviors; crucial in early years.
  • Social institutions: Family, marriage, education, religion, law, etc.
  • Child isolates (Anna & Isabelle): Demonstrated the importance of socialization (nurture) in development.

Stereotypes and Racism

  • Examine stereotypes and racism within societal contexts.

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Test your knowledge on significant discoveries in anthropology, focusing on the contributions of researchers like Raymond Dart and Mary Leakey. Explore topics such as bipedalism evidence, cultural understanding, and the evolution of hominins in this insightful quiz.

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