Anatomy Definitions and Homeostasis

• The nervous system responds fastest to environmental stimuli.

Anatomy Definitions

• Cytology is the study of cells, not the structures in a particular region.
• Microscopic anatomy studies structures too small to be seen by the naked eye.
• Gross anatomy studies structures visible to the eye.
• Embryology studies the changes in an individual from conception to birth.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment within limits.

Enzymes

• Enzymes do not require contact with a substrate to assume their active form.
• Most enzymes can catalyze millions of reactions per minute.
• Enzymes may use coenzymes derived from vitamins or cofactors from metallic elements.
• Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature.

Chemical Reactions

• Larger particles do not move faster than smaller ones.
• Chemical reactions progress faster when reacting particles are in higher numbers and at higher temperatures.
• Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, possibly with reversible shape changes.

Vesicular Transport

• Phagocytosis, a type of vesicular transport, occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages.

Calcium Storage

• In certain muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

RNA

• Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation.

Red Blood Cells

• A red blood cell placed in pure water would swell and burst.

Plasma Membrane

• The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.

Epithelial Cells

• Goblet cells are commonly found wedged between simple columnar epithelial cells.

Tissue Repair

• The formation of new stem cells is not a step in tissue repair.
• Steps include restoration of blood supply, regeneration and fibrosis, and inflammation.

Mesenchymal Cells

• Mesenchymal cells are most commonly found in embryonic connective tissue.

Kidney Support

• Tissue type that would likely function to hold the kidneys in place is skeletal muscle.

Organ Support

• Hyaline cartilage is a tissue type that likely functions to add support to an organ.

Overheating

• A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become overheated due to vasodilation in the dermis, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin.

Superficial Cut

• If a cut is superficial, painful, and not bleeding, it has likely penetrated the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum.

Sebaceous Glands

• Increased activity of sebaceous glands due to a surge of sex hormones during puberty can lead to an increased oily appearance and more acne.

Skin Cancer

• Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

Epidermal Layers

• A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in the following order: corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale.

Appendicular Skeleton Exclusion

• The skull is not a part of the appendicular skeleton.

Bone Covering

• The inner (osteogenic) layer of the periosteum consists primarily of osteogenic cells.

Periosteum

• The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by perforating (Sharpey's) fibers.

Osteon Core

• The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains blood vessels and nerve fibers.

Bone Resilience

• The resilience of bone is thought to come from sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules.

Hypothalamus Location

• The hypothalamus is superior to the sella turcica.
• The crista galli is one of the bone markings that can cause serious damage to the brain during concussion.
• The bone marking crista galli's function is to attach to the dura matter holding the brain in place.

Spinal Curvature Functions

• Curvatures of the spine provide additional springiness and flexibility, which absorbs shock.

Spinal Flexibility

• The cervical spine has the most flexibility within the vertebral column sections.

Spine Motion

• The range of motion in the lumbar and thoracic spine differs due to the orientation of the superior and inferior articular facets.

Thoracic Cage

• The jugular notch does not aid in the flexibility and movement of the thoracic cage.

Axial Skeleton

• The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Vertebrae

• The atlas vertebra does not have a body.

Weight-Bearing Bones

• The fibula is not a weight-bearing bone.

Fibula Articulation

• The lateral malleolus portion of the fibula articulates with the talus.

Glenohumeral Joint

• A glenohumeral joint's mobility comes at a cost because this joint is relatively unstable and can easily dislocate.