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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which structure is considered part of the upper respiratory tract?
Which structure is considered part of the upper respiratory tract?
- Nasal cavity (correct)
- Lungs
- Bronchioles
- Trachea
Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Which valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
- Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve) (correct)
- Tricuspid valve
- Pulmonary valve
- Aortic valve
What is the thickest layer of the heart wall?
What is the thickest layer of the heart wall?
- Myocardium (correct)
- Pericardium
- Epicardium
- Endocardium
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following is a function of the lymphatic system?
Which artery supplies blood to the right side of the head and neck?
Which artery supplies blood to the right side of the head and neck?
What feature is unique to veins and not present in arteries?
What feature is unique to veins and not present in arteries?
Which blood vessel is the largest artery in the body?
Which blood vessel is the largest artery in the body?
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
What is the name of the structure that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in a fetus?
What is the name of the structure that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in a fetus?
Which of the following is a lymphoid organ?
Which of the following is a lymphoid organ?
Which description best fits the term 'vasoconstriction'?
Which description best fits the term 'vasoconstriction'?
Which of these is a part of the structure of the external nose?
Which of these is a part of the structure of the external nose?
What causes the first heart sound ('lub')?
What causes the first heart sound ('lub')?
Which of the following is a function of the nose and paranasal sinuses?
Which of the following is a function of the nose and paranasal sinuses?
What type of cartilage makes up the Adam's apple (thyroid cartilage)?
What type of cartilage makes up the Adam's apple (thyroid cartilage)?
The trachea divides into which two structures?
The trachea divides into which two structures?
Type I alveolar cells are the main site for what activity?
Type I alveolar cells are the main site for what activity?
What is the fluid within lymphatic vessels called?
What is the fluid within lymphatic vessels called?
What is the name for specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that carry dietary lipids?
What is the name for specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that carry dietary lipids?
Which lymphatic duct drains the majority of the body?
Which lymphatic duct drains the majority of the body?
In the lymphatic system, what is the role of lymph nodes?
In the lymphatic system, what is the role of lymph nodes?
What blood vessel supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle (myocardium)?
What blood vessel supplies oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle (myocardium)?
What is the function of the trabeculae carneae?
What is the function of the trabeculae carneae?
Which of these vessels drains the thorax?
Which of these vessels drains the thorax?
The vertebral artery is a branch off of which artery?
The vertebral artery is a branch off of which artery?
Which blood vessel is used to measure blood pressure?
Which blood vessel is used to measure blood pressure?
What is the name for the union of branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region?
What is the name for the union of branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region?
Which of the following structures contains a layer of hyaline cartilage?
Which of the following structures contains a layer of hyaline cartilage?
Which of the following vessel walls is composed of only a single layer of tunica intima?
Which of the following vessel walls is composed of only a single layer of tunica intima?
In what area of the body would you find the popliteal lymph nodes?
In what area of the body would you find the popliteal lymph nodes?
The left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form which major vein?
The left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form which major vein?
What is the name of the serous membrane layer that covers the external surface of the lungs?
What is the name of the serous membrane layer that covers the external surface of the lungs?
As lymph moves through the collecting vessels, it passes through what structure?
As lymph moves through the collecting vessels, it passes through what structure?
Which artery is palpated on the anterior wrist to measure pulse?
Which artery is palpated on the anterior wrist to measure pulse?
What structure divides the nasal cavity?
What structure divides the nasal cavity?
What lymphatic trunk drains the digestive organs?
What lymphatic trunk drains the digestive organs?
What structure marks the point where the trachea divides into two branches?
What structure marks the point where the trachea divides into two branches?
In adults, the aorta has the approximate size of which of these items?
In adults, the aorta has the approximate size of which of these items?
What is the alternate name for the voice box?
What is the alternate name for the voice box?
Which chamber of the heart forms most of the base of the heart?
Which chamber of the heart forms most of the base of the heart?
What is the name of the muscle fibers that actually contract in the heart?
What is the name of the muscle fibers that actually contract in the heart?
What lymphatic nodes are located in the armpit region?
What lymphatic nodes are located in the armpit region?
What is the name of the vessel that emerges from an arteriole and supplies a capillary bed?
What is the name of the vessel that emerges from an arteriole and supplies a capillary bed?
Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Which valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
The process of supplying the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide is known as what?
The process of supplying the body with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide is known as what?
What is the name for the smallest subdivision of the lung?
What is the name for the smallest subdivision of the lung?
Which artery supplies the brain and spinal chord?
Which artery supplies the brain and spinal chord?
What is the name for the largest artery in the human body?
What is the name for the largest artery in the human body?
What feature is unique to veins, but not arteries?
What feature is unique to veins, but not arteries?
Which of the following is a primary lymphatic organ?
Which of the following is a primary lymphatic organ?
Which area of the body contains the popliteal lymph nodes?
Which area of the body contains the popliteal lymph nodes?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Pericardium
Pericardium
A triple-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart.
Fibrous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
The outer layer of the pericardium, composed of tough, inelastic, dense, irregular tissue.
Serous pericardium
Serous pericardium
The thinner, inner portion of the pericardium with two layers: parietal and visceral
Epicardium
Epicardium
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Myocardium
Myocardium
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Endocardium
Endocardium
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Systole
Systole
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Heart fibers
Heart fibers
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Right Border of the Heart
Right Border of the Heart
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Interatrial septum
Interatrial septum
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Tricuspid valve
Tricuspid valve
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Base of the Heart
Base of the Heart
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Bicuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve
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Trabeculae carneae
Trabeculae carneae
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Interventricular septum
Interventricular septum
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
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Left ventricle
Left ventricle
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S1 (lub)
S1 (lub)
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S2 (dub)
S2 (dub)
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Sinoatrial Node (SA)
Sinoatrial Node (SA)
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Elastic Arteries
Elastic Arteries
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Muscular Arteries
Muscular Arteries
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Metarteriole
Metarteriole
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Microcirculation
Microcirculation
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Veins
Veins
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Aorta
Aorta
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Brachiocephalic trunk
Brachiocephalic trunk
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Subclavian Arteries
Subclavian Arteries
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Iliac a.
Iliac a.
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Pulse
Pulse
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70-76
70-76
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Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmomanometer
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Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation
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Cephalic v.
Cephalic v.
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Basilic v.
Basilic v.
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Azygos v.
Azygos v.
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Fibular v.
Fibular v.
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Hepatic portal v.
Hepatic portal v.
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Coronary circulation
Coronary circulation
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Coronary arteries
Coronary arteries
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Respiratory membrane
Respiratory membrane
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Trachea
Trachea
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Bronchi (Bronchioles)
Bronchi (Bronchioles)
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Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
Lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
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Interstitial Fluid
Interstitial Fluid
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Right lymphatic duct
Right lymphatic duct
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Thoracic duct
Thoracic duct
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Primary Lymph Organs
Primary Lymph Organs
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Red Bone Marrow:
Red Bone Marrow:
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The major 6 are the locations.
The major 6 are the locations.
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Anatomy 7: Overview
- Anatomy 7 explores the systems of the human body.
- The course covers the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, lymphatic system, and lymph drainage.
Heart
- The heart's anatomy involves understanding its structure.
- Key structures include the pericardium, heart chambers, and valves.
Blood Vessels
- Includes arteries, veins, and capillaries.
- Gross anatomy of major arteries focuses on the Aorta and blood supply to the trunk, extremities, and head.
- Gross anatomy of major veins includes the inferior vena cava and drainage from the trunk, extremities, and head.
- Blood supply to the heart, liver, and brain are examined.
Respiratory System
- Includes the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx) and the lower respiratory tract (trachea, lungs, pleura, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli).
Lymphatic System
- The lymphatic system comprises lymphatic vessels, capillaries, collecting vessels, trunks, and ducts.
Lymphoid Organs
- Includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and intestines.
Lymph Drainage
- Includes the drainage of the trunk, upper and lower extremities, and head.
The Heart
- The heart contributes to homeostasis by pumping blood to tissues, delivering oxygen and nutrients, and removing wastes.
- The heart consists of blood, the heart itself, and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular System Development
- The heart starts as a simple tube in the embryo.
- Fusing of endocardial heart tubes happens around the 4th week of pregnancy.
- The heart develops into a four-chambered structure over a few weeks.
- Specialized blood vessels in the fetus carry fetal blood to the placenta for nutrient and oxygen exchange.
- The fetus has two small umbilical arteries (oxygen-poor blood) and one large umbilical vein (oxygenated blood).
- The Ductus Venosus bypasses the fetal liver, moving blood directly into the inferior vena cava (oxygen-rich).
- Foramen Ovale allows blood to bypass lungs, moving blood from the right atrium to the left atrium.
- The Ductus Arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta, bypassing the lungs (oxygen-poor).
- At birth, specialized structures become non-functional because baby can carry out everyday functions.
Pericardium
- It's a triple-layered sac that surrounds and protects the heart.
- The pericardium has two portions: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
- The fibrous pericardium is a tough, inelastic, dense, irregular tissue outer layer that attaches to the diaphragm.
- The fibrous pericardium is connected to blood vessels entering/leaving the heart to prevent over-stretching and keeps the heart anchored.
- The serous pericardium has two layers: the parietal layer and the visceral layer (also called epicardium).
- Between the parietal and visceral layers lies the pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid to reduce friction.
Heart Anatomy
- The heart is a triangular (cone) shaped muscular transport system pump.
- It measures about 12cm long, 9cm wide, and 6cm thick, weighing 250g (females) or 300g (males).
- Located in the mediastinum, the apex points towards the left hip, with two-thirds of its mass left of the midline.
- The wall of the heart has three layers: epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle), and endocardium (inner).
- The epicardium is also known as the visceral layer of serous pericardium.
- The myocardium (cardiac muscle) is responsible for the heart's pumping action and has striations; it is involuntary.
- The endocardium is made of endothelium and lines the chambers and valves.
- Cardiac muscle is striated, involuntary, and not consciously controlled.
- When the heart contracts (systole), internal chambers get smaller.
Heart Fibers and Discs
- The heart fibers are uninuclear and relatively short.
- Branching cells fit tightly together at intercalated discs.
- Intercalated discs contain gap junctions for rapid electrical impulse conduction.
- Cardiac fibers are cushioned by connective tissue and arranged in spiral or figure 8 bundles.
- Heart activity is coordinated by structural features and muscle bundle arrangement.
Heart Chambers
- The heart is a hollow organ with four chambers: the right and left atria and ventricles.
Right Atrium
- It forms the right border, receiving blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary vein.
- The posterior wall is smooth, while the anterior wall has pectinate muscles.
- The interatrial septum divides the atria and has the fossa ovalis (a remnant of the foramen ovale).
- The tricuspid valve (atrioventricular valve) lies between the right atrium and right ventricle.
- Papillary muscles (in the right ventricle) are relaxed, making the chordae tendineae slack to open the valve into right ventricle.
- During contraction, muscles are also contracting pulling on the chordae tendinae so the cusps of the valve do not open into the atrium preventing back flow.
Left Atrium
- It forms most of the base of the heart.
- The left atrium receives blood from four pulmonary veins from the lungs.
- The bicuspid valve (Mitral valve) lies between the atrium and left ventricle and both walls are smooth.
- Papillary muscles are relaxed and tendons are loose allowing blood to enter the left ventricle. When ventricles contract muscles pull on tendons to prevent back flow.
Right Ventricle
- Forms most of the anterior surface.
- This ventricle's inside has raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers called trabeculae carneae.
- Some trabeculae form part of the conduction system.
- The ventricles are divided by the interventricular septum.
- Blood flows through a pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk, dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries.
Left Ventricle
- Forms the apex of the heart.
- Includes trabeculae carneae.
- Blood passes through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta.
- The ligamentum arteriosum is remnant of the ductus arteriosus.
- Ventricle walls are thicker compared to the atria because they deliver blood to the rest of the body. The left is thicker because it has to pump blood to the whole body
- The skeleton forms the heart's foundation, which contain dense connective tissue and merge with the the interventricular septum
Heart Sounds
- The heart sounds or beats heard with a stethoscope come from the closing of valves:
- The first sound (S1, lub) is louder and longer and produced by the closing of AV valves after the ventricles contract.
- The second sound (S2, dub) is shorter and is associated with semilunar valve closure.
Heart Rhythm
- The heart does not require nervous system stimulation to beat.
- Different controlling systems affect the heart activity.
- It requires help from the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to help to regulate heart activity.
- The intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) is built into heart tissue.
- The most vital node in this system is the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker) in right atrium which each heartbeat starts.
- From the SA node, impulses spread creating atrial contraction at atrioventricular node, through the bundle of HIS right and left bundle branches
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