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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes Adler's view on the fundamental human motive?
Which of the following best describes Adler's view on the fundamental human motive?
- Striving for superiority and freedom from helplessness. (correct)
- Seeking social connections and community.
- Striving for sexual and aggressive pleasure.
- Achieving self-actualization and personal growth.
In Adlerian psychology, what is the significance of 'social meaning and purpose' in understanding behavior?
In Adlerian psychology, what is the significance of 'social meaning and purpose' in understanding behavior?
- It highlights the individual's unique and subjective experiences.
- It focuses on the unconscious drives that motivate human actions.
- It emphasizes the biological and genetic predispositions that influence actions.
- It suggests that all behavior represents unity and serves a social function. (correct)
How does Adler's concept of 'masculine protest' relate to the striving for superiority?
How does Adler's concept of 'masculine protest' relate to the striving for superiority?
- It is focused on sexual pleasure-seeking.
- It is the pursuit of traditionally feminine traits like nurturing and empathy.
- It involves striving to achieve greater competence and superiority, regardless of gender. (correct)
- It is a rejection of societal expectations based on gender.
Which of the following is NOT one of Adler's 'Tasks of Life'?
Which of the following is NOT one of Adler's 'Tasks of Life'?
According to Adler, what is the significance of early recollections in therapy?
According to Adler, what is the significance of early recollections in therapy?
In Adlerian therapy, what role does the therapist play in encouraging progress?
In Adlerian therapy, what role does the therapist play in encouraging progress?
Which description aligns with Adler's concept of the 'Getting type'?
Which description aligns with Adler's concept of the 'Getting type'?
In Erikson's theory, what is the primary focus of development?
In Erikson's theory, what is the primary focus of development?
According to Erikson, what is the result of successful resolution during each developmental stage?
According to Erikson, what is the result of successful resolution during each developmental stage?
What is the significance of the 'epigenetic principle' in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
What is the significance of the 'epigenetic principle' in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
According to Erikson, what is the central task of adolescence?
According to Erikson, what is the central task of adolescence?
What is Erikson's concept of 'ritualization'?
What is Erikson's concept of 'ritualization'?
How did Karen Horney's perspective differ from Freud's?
How did Karen Horney's perspective differ from Freud's?
According to Horney, what is the origin of basic anxiety?
According to Horney, what is the origin of basic anxiety?
In Horney's theory, what is the primary characteristic of neurotic needs?
In Horney's theory, what is the primary characteristic of neurotic needs?
According to Horney, what is involved in 'moving toward' people as a coping mechanism?
According to Horney, what is involved in 'moving toward' people as a coping mechanism?
What did Allport emphasize?
What did Allport emphasize?
What method did Allport use to infer traits?
What method did Allport use to infer traits?
What is the focus of Cattell's factor analysis?
What is the focus of Cattell's factor analysis?
According to Cattell, what distinguishes 'source traits' from 'surface traits'?
According to Cattell, what distinguishes 'source traits' from 'surface traits'?
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Adler's fundamental human motive
Adler's fundamental human motive
The core human drive is striving to compensate for perceived inferiority and enforced helplessness.
Inferiority complex
Inferiority complex
A feeling of worthlessness that prevents self-improvement. May manifest as arrogance or exaggerated achievements if repressed.
Superiority striving mask
Superiority striving mask
Traits developed to spark self-improvement from perceived masculine inadequacies, creating goals and motivation.
Law of movement
Law of movement
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Socially useful type
Socially useful type
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Early Recollections
Early Recollections
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Adlerian Therapy stages
Adlerian Therapy stages
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Fictional finalism
Fictional finalism
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Erik Erikson's view of development
Erik Erikson's view of development
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Developmental stages
Developmental stages
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Epigenetic principle
Epigenetic principle
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Crises
Crises
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Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
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Confusion
Confusion
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Moratorium
Moratorium
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Generativity
Generativity
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Karen Horney's Personality focus
Karen Horney's Personality focus
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Basic confidence
Basic confidence
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Detachment
Detachment
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Fluid Intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Alfred Adler
- Socialist
- His first practice served individuals with low socioeconomic status
- The Society for Individual Psychology focuses on the whole person
- All behavior conveys social meaning and purpose and demonstrates both unity and pattern
- Behavior aims to overcome feelings of inferiority and move toward feelings of superiority
- Behavior stems from subjective perceptions
- The fundamental human motive includes success, superiority, freedom from helplessness, escape from fear, and perfection
- Adler focused on compensating for perceived inferiority and enforced helplessness, contrasting Freud's focus on sexual and aggressive pleasure-seeking
Inferiority Complex
- Feeling of a lack of worth inhibits self-improvement
- Repressed feelings of inferiority can manifest as a superiority complex, leading to arrogant behavior and exaggerated achievements
Emotional State
- Individuals can move from negative to positive emotions
- Organ inferiority means all individuals are susceptible to disease in their weakest organ, with early states being more biological and later ones, more subjective
- An aggressive drive means people react with hostility to perceived helplessness
- Aggression can be expressed directly (fighting) or indirectly (competition, mastery)
- Masculine protest involves striving for competence or superiority
Perfection Striving
- The masculine protest results in compensatory traits that drive self-improvement
- Individuals create fictional goals, striving to achieve them realistically and avoiding perfectionism
Tasks of Life
- Societal tasks involve showing interest in others and making friends
- Work tasks involve cooperative activity for the benefit of others, and create a sense of worth
- Love involves the ability to take a greater interest in others
Style of Life
- Includes attitudes towards society, work, and love
- Individual choices typically remain consistent from childhood to adulthood
- Personality consistency develops as people try to compensate for inferiority
- The direction taken originates from the ability to exercise free choice
Personality Types
- Ruling types tend to dominate others, confront problems selfishly, and may be overly competitive
- Getting types are dependent, adopt passive attitudes toward others, and are prone to depression
- Avoiding types are isolated, appear cold, and conceal a subtle belief in their own superiority
- Socially useful types act in ways that help others and may help others to "feel"
Early Recollections
- Commonly used by Adlerian therapists to assess lifestyles
- Early recollections show how clients see their own lives and strivings
- Factual accuracy is less important than the emotional and present content
Role of Family
- Mothers have the greatest influence by guiding the development of social interest
- Fathers have the second greatest influence by encouraging the pursuit of interests
- Advice includes encouraging, not dominating, showing respect and cooperation, avoiding pampering or neglect, not engaging in power struggles, and not showing excessive sympathy
- Family size and the sex of siblings contribute to individual differences
Birth Order
- First-born children may struggle with dethronement, be more antagonistic, and seek attention
- Second-born children are stimulated to achieve higher goals through competition and are likely to be successful, but may isolate to pursue success
- Later-born children are often pampered and spoiled
- Only children have an exaggerated sense of self-importance
- Differences between first-borns and others often include success, self-centeredness
- First born females may be Type A, while first born males may be anxious
Adlerian Therapy Stages
- Establish a working relationship through empathy
- Gather information which includes the client's history, early memories, and current functioning
- Clarify the client's core beliefs about themselves, others, and life
- Encourage progress towards a new Style of Life
- Help the client reconsider their fictional finalism through interpretation and recognition
- Enable the client to monitor their behavior with less therapist input
- Facilitate an emotional breakthrough where old patterns are discarded through imagery and roleplay
Therapeutic Change
- Doing differently includes behaving differently in life and altering patterns
- Reinforcement involves paying more attention to others’ needs
- Social interest involves establishing a sense of community
- Goal redirection involves setting new goals
- Support and launching consists of striving toward a new goal in the spirit of social interest
- Fictional finalism is the idea that people imagine goals and how to achieve them
- Guided Self-ideal helps people navigate life’s obstacles and stay on their path to achieve a goal
Erik Erikson
- Development covers the entire lifespan, emphasizing the impact of culture
- Abandoned by his father, taught art to Freud's patients
- Experienced a sense of uprootedness and identity confusion
- Conducted retrospective psychobiographies during his retirement
- Cultures organize the experiences of their members through universal developmental stages
- Cultures provide settings where crises can be encountered, as well as continuing support for ego development
- Psychosocial stages replace Freud’s psychosexual stages and unite cultural forces
- The epigenetic principle describes the process of development (emerging one on top of another over time)
- Resolution depends on the ratio of positive to negative factors, and a positive outcome yields virtues
- Crises emerge when the environment makes demands, which results in new strengths
- Passage isn't automatic, the environment can influence progress
- Ritualizations promote growth by helping resolve conflict
- Ritualisms are too rigid and hinder growth
Erikson's Stages of Development
- Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust
- Basic trust is established when others are dependable and meet needs
- Otherwise, basic mistrust is formed and some level of mistrust becomes inevitable
- Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame
- Autonomy is developed through toilet training, ambulation, and relationships
- Shame develops when autonomy is not achieved
- Some degree of shame is necessary, but autonomy should predominate
- Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt
- A child begins to determine the type of person they want to be
- A child should have greater initiative than guilt
- Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
- A child learns to gain recognition by producing things
- Support leads to industriousness
- Criticism leads to feelings of inferiority
- Stage 5: Identity vs. Identity Confusion
- In adolescence, the task involves answering "Who am I?"
- Confusion happens when a coherent identity can't be established
- Negative identity is based on social norms
- Moratorium involves suspension, delay, and exploration of possibilities
- Fidelity is sustaining loyalties and avoiding adverse outcomes
- Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Alienation
- Intimacy requires establishing identity
- Intimacy means merging identities with a friend or lover
- Intimacy includes increased intimacy during early adulthood
- Stage 7: Generativity vs. Self-Absorption
- Generativity means being interested in guiding the next generation, the alternative being stagnation
- Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair
- Integrity involves looking back and finding value and meaning in life
- Despair means wishing things had been different
Gender Differences
- Women emphasize interpersonal issues, while men emphasize occupational issues
- Men and women don't differ in their level of achieved identity
- Erikson contributed the role of culture and lifelong development and the thought that identity is dynamic
- Limitations include ambiguous descriptions of willpower and wisdom
- Emphasis on psychosocial and decreased emphasis on the unconsciousness represents a difference from Freud
- Fixation does not cause stagnation unless the identity stage is not established for intimacy
Karen Horney
- Horney founded the American institution of psychoanalysis
- Horney emphasized interpersonal conflicts and socialization
- Normal personality development includes basic confidence when parents convey warmth, interest, and respect
- Abnormal development in children includes feeling small, helpless, and endangered because of belittling or abusive parents
Basic Anxiety
- Basic anxiety is the root of neurosis, developing when a child feels isolated and helpless in a hostile world, potentially leading to basic hostility
- The child both needs and hates their parents
- Neurotic needs are disproportional in intensity, indiscriminate in application, show disregard for reality, and provoke anxiety when unsatisfied
Interpersonal Orientations
- Moving toward (getting type) involves self-effacement or trying to become more likeable to gain approval
- Morbid dependency involves the need for a partner, including affection/approval from others or a partner
- Moving against (ruling type)
- Expansive solution (going over the wave)
-Power and control over others
- Exploiting others
- Seeking social recognition/prestige, personal admiration, and achievement Perfection
Moving Away
- Avoidant type involves resignation, striving for little, and avoiding people
- Restricting one's life within narrow borders and promoting self-sufficiency/independence
Problems
- Jealousy: fear of losing a relationship and it’s the best way to satisfy a need for affection and unconditional love
- Pathological transfer from childhood jealousy involves unresolved basic anxiety and attachment to parents
- One believes that one "should" do things
- Real Self is set aside towards an idealized self
- It is likely that the woman undermines her skills because males are competitive and women believe that her success is bad
Basic Anxiety Defense Mechanisms
- Eclipsing: hostile to dependent or dependent to hostile
- Detachment
- Idealized self move away from the real self
Externalization
- Like a projection of a raging person.
- Unaware or overt behavior
- Behavior recognized but in different areas
- Arbitrary behavior " i am right"
- Males power roles
- Females nurture roles
- Penis envy women simply envious of men.
Bem Sex Role Inventory
- First Non-bipolar test
- Medians: Women M = 3.5, 5.6 and Men M = 5.6, F = 3.6
Gordon Allport
- Allport's brother attended Harvard
- Emphasized normal development
- Taught the first class in personality psychology
- Psychology focuses on healthy people
- Highlighted the present and not past
- Focused on the individual and their unique environments
Personality
- The dynamic organization and idiographic nature of each person’s physiological systems determine their individual adjustments to their environment
Traits
- Traits are stable and develop with learning
- Cardinal traits have influence on all behavior
- Central traits have high evidence
- Secondary traits are minor
Methods to Recognize
- Use of language, for example dictionary
- Observe Behavior
- Personal Documents- diaries and etc
- Study individual
- Lost in average questionnaires
Stages
- Bodily Sense in Infnacy
- Self identity 1-2 4-5 separate selves
- Ego enhancement 2,3 self-esteem
- Ego extension 3,4 possessions
- self-image 4, 6 roles and aspiration
- Rational agent 6-21 learning skills
- Propriate striving adolescent future plans.
- The knower Adult intergrates previous possessions.
Qualities
- Extensions of self
- warm human
- Security
- perception
- self objective
- philosophy of life
- Functional autonomy- one function eventually functions by it self.
- Proprietum how people project senses with consistency
Cattell and PFs
- Traits and personalities help predict individual behavior
- Factor structure
- correlations help simplify data
Data gathering
- Q,L,T all test.
- R test usually factors questionaire tests.
- D people take test twice.
- P-studies states not traits
Traits
- Surface traits easily observed
- Ability- work towards desired goal.
- Temperament- general style.
- Source Traits : Derived from a source that is the primary factor
- Dynamic-provides direction
- EGS anger curiosity
- Sentiments
- Attitudes
- Subsidiation driven by met drives
Ability Traits
- Fluid intelligence
- the ability to learn
- Crystalized Effect:
- the effect of opportunity
PFs Dimensionally
- Measuring tool
- Cool/Warm, Concrete/Abstract are examples
Big 5
- O.C.E.A.N
- Open
- Conscientious
- extrovagant
- agreeable
- Neruoticism
- Heritability is determined by 2 people with similar genetic history.
- Twins help
- Each of the "Big 5" have genetic correlation
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