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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the economic growth in Europe during the second half of the 15th century?
Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the economic growth in Europe during the second half of the 15th century?
- Decline in agricultural production
- Weakening of monarchies
- Increased trade and exploration (correct)
- Decreased urban population
The Spanish Monarchy emerged as a completely unified kingdom with identical laws, institutions, and borders across all its territories from the outset.
The Spanish Monarchy emerged as a completely unified kingdom with identical laws, institutions, and borders across all its territories from the outset.
False (B)
What was the primary goal of the Spanish Inquisition when it was initially established?
What was the primary goal of the Spanish Inquisition when it was initially established?
To try those suspected of heresy or crimes of faith and to punish people who were convicted
The Treaty of ______ divided the newly discovered territories between Portugal and Castile.
The Treaty of ______ divided the newly discovered territories between Portugal and Castile.
Match each explorer with their notable exploration or discovery:
Match each explorer with their notable exploration or discovery:
What was the significance of the establishment of permanent armies by monarchs in the 15th century?
What was the significance of the establishment of permanent armies by monarchs in the 15th century?
The Catholic Monarchs enforced religious tolerance in Spain, allowing Jews and Muslims to freely practice their faiths.
The Catholic Monarchs enforced religious tolerance in Spain, allowing Jews and Muslims to freely practice their faiths.
Name two specific technical advancements that enabled long sea voyages during the Age of Exploration.
Name two specific technical advancements that enabled long sea voyages during the Age of Exploration.
The explorer ______ first realized that the territories discovered by Columbus were part of a new continent.
The explorer ______ first realized that the territories discovered by Columbus were part of a new continent.
Match the following terms with their correct definition in the context of the 15th and 16th centuries:
Match the following terms with their correct definition in the context of the 15th and 16th centuries:
Which of the following best describes the policy of 'pactism' used by Fernando in the Crown of Aragón?
Which of the following best describes the policy of 'pactism' used by Fernando in the Crown of Aragón?
Columbus's primary goal in his voyages was to discover a new continent.
Columbus's primary goal in his voyages was to discover a new continent.
What was the main reason European powers sought new trade routes to India and Southeast Asia in the 15th century?
What was the main reason European powers sought new trade routes to India and Southeast Asia in the 15th century?
The Aztec capital, conquered by the Spanish in 1521, was named ______.
The Aztec capital, conquered by the Spanish in 1521, was named ______.
Match each pre-Columbian civilization with a characteristic or feature associated with them:
Match each pre-Columbian civilization with a characteristic or feature associated with them:
What was the main purpose of establishing trading colonies along the Atlantic coast of Africa by the Portuguese?
What was the main purpose of establishing trading colonies along the Atlantic coast of Africa by the Portuguese?
The indigenous peoples of the Americas readily adopted the use of the wheel upon contact with Europeans.
The indigenous peoples of the Americas readily adopted the use of the wheel upon contact with Europeans.
What system did the Inca civilization create in order to grow crops on the slopes of the Andes?
What system did the Inca civilization create in order to grow crops on the slopes of the Andes?
After Magellan's death, ______ completed the first circumnavigation of the world.
After Magellan's death, ______ completed the first circumnavigation of the world.
Match the following institutions created by the Catholic Monarchs with their primary function:
Match the following institutions created by the Catholic Monarchs with their primary function:
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
15th Century Europe
15th Century Europe
Economic growth, stronger monarchies, and a richer middle class.
Increase in Trade
Increase in Trade
Finding new sea routes and lands, boosting the world's interconnectedness.
Population Growth
Population Growth
The end of plagues and better farming, leading to more people.
Agricultural Surpluses
Agricultural Surpluses
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Moneylenders
Moneylenders
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Money Changers
Money Changers
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Merchant Capitalism
Merchant Capitalism
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Rise of Merchant Families
Rise of Merchant Families
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Absolute Monarchy
Absolute Monarchy
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Monarchs' Tools
Monarchs' Tools
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Spanish Monarchy
Spanish Monarchy
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Catholic Monarchs' Goals
Catholic Monarchs' Goals
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Treatment of Jews (1492)
Treatment of Jews (1492)
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Treatment of Moriscos
Treatment of Moriscos
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Control Over the Canary Islands
Control Over the Canary Islands
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Columbus' Voyage
Columbus' Voyage
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Impact: Columbus' voyage
Impact: Columbus' voyage
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Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Tordesillas
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Pre-Columbian Civilizations
Pre-Columbian Civilizations
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New World Crops
New World Crops
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Europe in the Late 15th Century
- Europe experienced economic growth, the rise of the bourgeoisie, and stronger monarchies in the second half of the 15th century.
- Increased trade led countries to seek new sea routes and territories, which was a step towards globalizing world economies.
- The end of major epidemics and improved conditions in rural areas resulted in population growth; Europe's population was between 70 and 90 million by 1500.
- Higher demand boosted agricultural production, creating surpluses for sale at markets and fairs.
Trade and Economic Changes
- Land trade routes expanded, with goods like Italian silks, Castilian wool, and German metals circulating throughout Europe.
- New sea routes in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and North Sea facilitated trade, boosting artisanal production, manufacturing, and port cities.
- The need to finance trade led to the growth of banking; Bankers became a key urban social group.
- Moneylenders provided capital to merchants for travels, repaid with interest, while money changers exchanged currencies for a fee.
- The bourgeoisie gained economic power through capital investment in trade, manufacturing, and banking, consolidating merchant capitalism.
- Banking families, such as the Medici in Florence and the Fugger family in Augsburg, gained political influence due to their wealth.
The Rise of Absolute Monarchies
- Monarchs regained power from the feudal nobility, centralizing authority and dissolving parliaments, leading to absolute monarchies.
- Monarchs established permanent armies, bureaucracies, and treasuries and created diplomatic relations with allied countries.
- Examples of absolute monarchies include the kingdoms of the Catholic Monarchs, Francis I in France, and Henry VIII in England.
The Spanish Monarchy
- Isabel of Castile and Fernando of Aragón married in 1469, establishing the Spanish monarchy when they began to rule in 1479.
- The Spanish Monarchy was a dynastic union where territories maintained individual borders, systems, currencies, laws, and institutions.
- The royal court traveled because there was no capital city.
Territorial Expansion of Spain
- From 1479-1516, the Catholic Monarchs expanded their territory by conquering the Muslim Kingdom of Granada after a war from 1482-1492.
- The last Nasrid monarch Boabdil surrendered Granada, which was then incorporated into the Crown of Castile; Many inhabitants fled to North Africa.
- Castile annexed Navarre in 1515, under the command of King Fernando, which kept its laws and institutions (Cortes).
- The monarchs arranged marriages between their daughters and Portuguese kings, leading to a later union with Spain under Felipe II.
Religious Uniformity and the Spanish Inquisition
- The Catholic Monarchs aimed for religious uniformity under Catholicism achieved through the Spanish Inquisition in 1478.
- The Spanish Inquisition targeted people suspected of heresy or crimes of faith.
- Jews were forced to convert to Christianity and were persecuted or expelled in 1492 if they refused.
- Muslims in Granada could initially keep their traditions, but tolerance ended in 1499, forcing conversion to Christianity or exile.
- Both Jewish converts (conversos) and Muslims converts (Moriscos) were closely monitored by the Inquisition.
- Public trials were held for those suspected of heresy, with burning at the stake as a possible punishment.
- Those who confessed and repented heresy were forced to wear a sanbenito as penance.
Limiting Power in Castile and Aragón
- Fernando and Isabel aimed to increase their authority and limit the power of privileged groups differently in each kingdom.
- In Castile, nobles could no longer receive land, and their participation in royal advisory councils was limited.
- Nobles' loyalty to the Crown was secured through the Laws of Toro (1505), which established the mayorazgo, ensuring that land and titles were inherited by the eldest son.
- Fernando reduced the political power of the local oligarchy in Aragón through the sortition system for municipal offices.
- The Arbitral Sentence of Guadalupe abolished certain feudal rights (malos usos) of the nobility.
- The king used pactism to negotiate laws and taxes with each kingdom through medieval institutions such as the Cortes and Diputación del General.
New Institutions and Royal Authority
- The monarchs established new institutions to govern territories and assert royal authority.
- Institutions like the Council of Castile, the Royal Audiencia, and the Royal Treasury were created.
- The Santa Hermandad (1476), an armed group, pursued criminals, and corregidores represented the monarchy in local town halls.
- A professional army was maintained by the monarchy, along with ambassadors for diplomatic affairs and viceroys for each kingdom.
- The Cortes lost power and met only when monarchs needed funds or to confirm a new king.
Territorial Expansion: Mediterranean, Atlantic, and European Strategies
- The Catholic Monarchs expanded territory.
- In the Mediterranean, conquests continued, and they confronted France, recovering Roussillon and Cerdanya (1493) and defeating the French in Naples (1504).
- They conquered territories in North Africa, including Melilla (1497), Orán (1509), and Béjaïa (1510).
- In the Atlantic, Castile strengthened control over the Canary Islands and supported Christopher Columbus, who reached the Americas.
- The Atlantic became the center of trade, decreasing the Mediterranean's importance.
- In Europe, alliances through marriage with royal houses (Holy Roman Empire, England, Portugal) were promoted to consolidate dominance.
Exploration and New Trade Routes
- Trade in goods from the East increased in the 15th century, but the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople in 1453 disrupted European trade routes to Asia.
- European monarchies began Atlantic exploration to find new trade routes to India and Southeast Asia.
- Technical advances, such as the compass, astrolabe, portolan charts, and the caravel ship, made long sea voyages possible.
- Portugal monopolized the silk and spice trade in Europe, establishing trading colonies on the Atlantic coast of Africa with Prince Henry the Navigator.
- They discovered Madeira (1419) and the Azores (1431).
- They took control of trade in gold, ivory, and slaves along the African coast to the Gulf of Guinea (1460).
- Bartolomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope (1488), and Vasco da Gama reached India (1498).
Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of America
- Christopher Columbus believed he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean.
- In 1492, Queen Isabel financed Columbus's voyage, granting him one tenth of the riches, and the tiles of Admiral of the Ocean Sea and viceroy of any newly discovered territories.
- Columbus departed from Palos (Huelva) on August 3, 1492, with the Pinzón brothers.
- The expedition had 90 crew members on three ships: the Santa María, the Pinta, and the Niña.
- On October 12, 1492, they arrived at Guanahaní Island (San Salvador).
- Columbus explored Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and Cuba and began his return to Spain in January 1493.
- A second expedition of 17 ships founded a trading colony on Hispaniola in 1493.
- In 1498, Columbus reached the north coast of South America, discovering Martinique, Trinidad, and the Orinoco River.
- Columbus believed he discovered new parts of Asia and explored the coasts of Central America in 1502.
Treaty of Tordesillas and Further Explorations
- The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided the new territories between Portugal and Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands.
- Núñez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513, realizing that the new territories were part of a new continent.
- Fernando Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano's expedition to find a sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans set sail from Seville in 1519.
- The expedition sailed along the coast of South America, reached a strait to the Pacific Ocean and the Nao Victoria, returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda (Cádiz) in 1522.
- The expedition proved the Americas and Asia were separated by the Pacific Ocean.
- The voyage confirmed the Earth was round and larger than previously thought.
- New species, ethnicities, cultures, and languages were discovered.
Pre-Columbian Civilizations in America
- The Americas were populated over 20,000 years ago, with advanced pre-Columbian civilizations like the Mayan, Incan, and Aztec.
- Indigenous peoples built with stone.
- They cultivated crops such as corn, tomato, pumpkin, cocoa, and cotton.
- Indigenous people knew how to make alloys of metals using gold, silver, and copper, and based trade on the barter system, while some used cocoa or powdered gold as currency.
- Each civilization had an emperor, with the privileged classes consisting of the warrior nobility, state officials, and temple priests.
- Most of the population were peasants, artisans, and slaves (prisoners of war).
- They were polytheistic and sacrificed in honor of their gods, possessing high levels of astronomy and mathematics.
Mayan, Aztec, and Inca Civilizations
- The Maya lived in the southern Yucatan Peninsula, organized into independent city-states, grew corn, and developed a hieroglyphic writing system.
- The Aztecs dominated the valley of Mexico, with their capital at Tenochtitlan.
- The Inca civilization dominated the Andes in South America.
- The Inca civilization was centered in Cuzco, had over 12 million inhabitants, and created a system of terraces for crop cultivation.
- Their emperor was considered the son of the Sun and called the Great Inca.
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